Biology Vocabulary and Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Pollen consists of what type of cells?

Cells that carry genetic material from fruit

Cells that carry male DNA (correct)

Enzymes that aid in reproduction

Cells that carry female DNA

What can changes to genetic material be induced by?

Artificial enzymes only

Errors during DNA replication

Natural mutations only

Mutagens that can be natural or synthetic (correct)

What encloses an embryo in seed plants?

The stem of the plant

The pollen grain

The ovule of a flower (correct)

The seed after fertilization

Which term refers to the most basic unit of heredity?

Gene Signup and view all the answers

DNA serves as what fundamental component in all cells?

Genetic material necessary for reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes are categorized as what type of biological molecules?

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

The complete genetic blueprint of a living organism is referred to as its?

Genome Signup and view all the answers

Which tense is used to express an action that has relevance to the present moment?

Present perfect tense Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA play in living organisms?

It encodes genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pollen in seed plants?

To carry the male DNA for fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'cultivar'?

A recognized variety of a plant. Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in the creation of hybrids in plants?

Controlled cross-pollination between selected plants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of enzymes in biological processes?

To speed up chemical reactions within cells. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'genome' refer to in genetics?

The complete set of genetic material in an organism. Signup and view all the answers

Which device is specifically designed for introducing genetic material into new organisms?

Gene gun. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary area of application for biotechnology?

Product development and research. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture Two Vocabulary

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Genetic material of all cells and many viruses. Encodes genetic information.
Pollen: Cells carrying the male DNA of a seed plant.
Biotechnology: Set of biological techniques developed through research and applied to research and product development.
Cultivar: Synonymous with variety. International equivalent of variety.
Hybrid: Seed or plants produced via controlled cross-pollination, not natural pollination.

Reading - What is Biology?

Biology: Scientific study of life and living organisms. Includes structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things.
Reproduction and Genetics: Crucial for continuation of species. In seed plants, male and female cells unite to create new life.
Pollen carries male DNA.
Ovule encloses the embryo.
Fertilization occurs when pollen is transferred to the ovule.
Embryo develops into a seed.
Pollen-ovule interaction is key to plant species propagation.

Biology at the Molecular Level

DNA: Genetic material found in all cells and many viruses. Carries instructions for life.
Genes: Basic units of heredity. Dictate physical traits and biological functions.
Genome: Complete genetic blueprint of a living organism.
Enzymes: Vital proteins that speed up chemical reactions within cells. Support biological processes.
Gene Gun (invented at Cornell University): Technique to introduce genetic material into new organisms.
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms): Transformed in agriculture and medicine to understand genetics.

Questions

Question 1: Gene gun is a device for introducing genetic material in new organisms. (Correct Answer: B)
Question 2: Pollen consists of cells carrying male DNA. (Correct Answer: B)
Question 3: Changes to genetic material can occur naturally or artificially (Correct Answer: A)
Question 4: Ovule is outgrowth of the ovary of seed plant surrounding the embryo. (Correct Answer: B)
Question 5: Gene is the most basic unit of heredity. (Correct Answer:C)
Question 6: DNA acts as genetic material in cells and viruses. (Correct Answer: B)
Question 7: Enzymes speed up chemical reactions within cells. (Correct Answer: C)
Question 8: Genome is the complete genetic blueprint of a living organism. (Correct Answer: B)

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect: Formed with "have" or "has" + past participle of the verb.
Regular verbs: Past participle same as past simple.
Irregular verbs: Use the past participle from the third column of conjugation tables.
Affirmative examples provided: I have finished the report, We have opened all the windows.
Negative examples provided: I haven't finished the report, We haven't cleaned the kitchen today, he hasn't been very busy.
Question examples provided: Have you done your homework, Has he told you the truth, Has Mary called today.

Common Tense Markers

Using already, yet, ever, never, just, since, for, before.
Examples include: I have already prepared breakfast, Has the post come yet? I have never lied. Have you ever been...?

Use of Present Perfect Tense

Unspecified past action with current impact: She has lost her wallet. (continued impact of the loss)
Recent action: My sister has broken her arm.. (Recent, still has the effect.)
Repeated actions: We have watched that movie three times. (Repeated actions in an unspecified time between past and now).
Unfinished actions/states/habits from the past to present: The student has studied maths for three months. (Emphasizes the continuing duration from start to now)

For vs Since

For: Indicates a duration of time. Examples include: lived there for ten minutes, been here for 5 months.
Since: Indicates a point in time from which a duration lasts. Examples include: worked here since June, lived there since 2012.

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Description

This quiz covers essential vocabulary and concepts related to biology, including DNA, pollen, and biotechnology. It explores topics such as reproduction and genetics, emphasizing the significance of pollen in plant reproduction. Test your understanding of these key biological concepts.