Biology Unit 5 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

The most important minerals stored in bones are:

calcium and iron

sodium and phosphorus

calcium and potassium

calcium and phosphorus (correct)

sodium and potassium

The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 is/are called:

neurons

trabeculae

red marrow

osteons (correct)

yellow marrow

Which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape, is correct:

coxal bones - short bones

wrist and ankle bones - long bones

arm and leg bones - short bones

cranium - sesamoid bones

skull bones - flat bones (correct)

The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as:

long bones Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints:

articular cartilage Signup and view all the answers

In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:

store adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:

bone length is increasing Signup and view all the answers

What tiny canal connects central canals to lacunae in compact bone:

canaliculus Signup and view all the answers

The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called:

osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

A round or oval opening through a bone is a:

foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is NOT considered part of the appendicular skeleton:

sternum Signup and view all the answers

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:

blood vessels and nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called:

lacunae Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo:

hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are):

stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of the four stages in the healing of a bone fracture:

4, 3, 1, 2 Signup and view all the answers

A compound fracture can be described as when:

the broken bone is exposed to the outside Signup and view all the answers

A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a:

comminuted fracture Signup and view all the answers

A fracture that is common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more flexible than adults', is a(n):

greenstick fracture Signup and view all the answers

A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n):

compression fracture Signup and view all the answers

The axial skeleton contains:

1, 3, 4 Signup and view all the answers

The suture found between the parietal and temporal bone is the:

squamous suture Signup and view all the answers

All of the following facial bones are paired except one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone:

vomer Signup and view all the answers

The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are:

fontanels Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bones is associated with the hand:

metacarpals Signup and view all the answers

The hyoid bone is unique because:

it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone Signup and view all the answers

The sella turcica is part of the __________ bone:

sphenoid Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of true ribs do humans have:

seven Signup and view all the answers

The atlas is the:

first cervical vertebra Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior:

true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs Signup and view all the answers

The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the:

manubrium, body, xiphoid process Signup and view all the answers

Which two bones constitute the forearm:

ulna and radius Signup and view all the answers

The tailbone is the:

coccyx Signup and view all the answers

The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is:

a synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

A structure found on the femur is the:

intercondylar groove Signup and view all the answers

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are , whereas articulations permitting no movement are called .

amphiarthroses; synarthroses Signup and view all the answers

The wrist bones are actually:

carpals Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bones is NOT a long bone found in the leg:

patella Signup and view all the answers

Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception.

fibula Signup and view all the answers

Bone formation can be referred to as:

ossification Signup and view all the answers

Disease resulting from the accumulation of uric acid crystals:

gout Signup and view all the answers

Disease of the aged in which articular cartilage is affected:

osteoarthritis Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation of bursae associated with synovial membranes:

bursitis Signup and view all the answers

Disease of children in which bones fail to calcify:

rickets Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation of joints due to the body's immune system attacking its own synovial membranes:

rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix:

osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

Layers of calcification that are found in bone:

lamella Signup and view all the answers

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone:

canaliculi Signup and view all the answers

Cells that can build bony matrix:

osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

Area where bone growth in length takes place:

epiphyseal plates Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bone Structure and Composition

Bones primarily store calcium and phosphorus, crucial for various bodily functions.
Bone tissue is arranged in structural units called osteons, which comprise a central canal surrounded by layers of compact bone.
The small cavities containing osteocytes within bone tissue are termed lacunae, which allow for cellular communication.

Types of Bones

Human bones are classified based on shape, with skull bones categorized as flat bones.
Long bones include the femur, tibia, humerus, and radius, which are essential for movement and support.
Common types of fractures include:
- Comminuted fracture: Bone is broken into multiple fragments.
- Greenstick fracture: Often seen in children; bone bends and cracks partially.
- Compression fracture: Common in osteoporotic bones; bone collapses under pressure.

Bone Features and Functions

Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis of bones to reduce joint friction.
Yellow marrow functions to store adipose tissue in adults, while red marrow is responsible for blood cell formation.
The epiphyseal plate indicates active longitudinal bone growth; its presence signifies that bones are still growing.

Skeleton and Joint Types

The axial skeleton consists of the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae, essential for protecting vital organs.
Joints are classified by movement capabilities:
- Diarthroses: Freely movable joints (synovial joints).
- Amphiarthroses: Joints with limited movement.
- Synarthroses: Immovable joints.

Special Bone Structures

The hyoid bone is unique as it does not articulate with any other bones, serving as an anchor for tongue muscles.
The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped structure in the sphenoid bone, housing the pituitary gland.
True ribs consist of seven pairs, which directly connect to the sternum.

Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.
Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease affecting cartilage, common in older adults.
Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder leading to joint inflammation and damage.
Gout: Results from uric acid crystal accumulation, causing painful joint inflammation.

Cellular Functions in Bone

Osteoblasts are responsible for building bony matrix, contributing to bone formation and mineralization.
Osteoclasts dissolve the bony matrix, allowing for bone resorption and remodeling.
Canaliculi are small channels that facilitate communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes within the bone matrix.

Additional Bone Features

The intercondylar groove is a specific feature on the femur, important for knee joint articulation.
The sternum is composed of three fused bones: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process, and is crucial for protecting the heart.
Fontanels are the fibrous connections in a fetal skull, allowing flexibility during birth.

Bone Growth and Repair

Bone remodeling is influenced by factors such as growth hormone, parathyroid hormone levels, and mechanical stress from weight and muscle pull.
Healing a bone fracture typically progresses through stages: hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus formation, bony callus formation, and finally bone remodeling.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of biology related to bones and minerals with these flashcards. This quiz covers various aspects such as mineral composition in bones and the structure of bone tissue. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in human anatomy.