Podcast
Questions and Answers
The most important minerals stored in bones are:
The most important minerals stored in bones are:
The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 is/are called:
The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 is/are called:
Which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape, is correct:
Which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape, is correct:
The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as:
The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as:
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What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints:
What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints:
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In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:
In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:
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The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:
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What tiny canal connects central canals to lacunae in compact bone:
What tiny canal connects central canals to lacunae in compact bone:
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The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called:
The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called:
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A round or oval opening through a bone is a:
A round or oval opening through a bone is a:
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Which of the following bones is NOT considered part of the appendicular skeleton:
Which of the following bones is NOT considered part of the appendicular skeleton:
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The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:
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The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called:
The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called:
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What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo:
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo:
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The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are):
The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are):
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Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of the four stages in the healing of a bone fracture:
Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of the four stages in the healing of a bone fracture:
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A compound fracture can be described as when:
A compound fracture can be described as when:
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A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a:
A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a:
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A fracture that is common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more flexible than adults', is a(n):
A fracture that is common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are more flexible than adults', is a(n):
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A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n):
A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n):
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The axial skeleton contains:
The axial skeleton contains:
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The suture found between the parietal and temporal bone is the:
The suture found between the parietal and temporal bone is the:
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All of the following facial bones are paired except one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone:
All of the following facial bones are paired except one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone:
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The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are:
The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are:
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Which of these bones is associated with the hand:
Which of these bones is associated with the hand:
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The hyoid bone is unique because:
The hyoid bone is unique because:
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The sella turcica is part of the __________ bone:
The sella turcica is part of the __________ bone:
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How many pairs of true ribs do humans have:
How many pairs of true ribs do humans have:
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The atlas is the:
The atlas is the:
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Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior:
Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior:
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The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the:
The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the:
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Which two bones constitute the forearm:
Which two bones constitute the forearm:
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The tailbone is the:
The tailbone is the:
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The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is:
The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is:
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A structure found on the femur is the:
A structure found on the femur is the:
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Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are __________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called __________.
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are __________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called __________.
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The wrist bones are actually:
The wrist bones are actually:
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Which of these bones is NOT a long bone found in the leg:
Which of these bones is NOT a long bone found in the leg:
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Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception.
Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception.
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Bone formation can be referred to as:
Bone formation can be referred to as:
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Disease resulting from the accumulation of uric acid crystals:
Disease resulting from the accumulation of uric acid crystals:
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Disease of the aged in which articular cartilage is affected:
Disease of the aged in which articular cartilage is affected:
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Inflammation of bursae associated with synovial membranes:
Inflammation of bursae associated with synovial membranes:
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Disease of children in which bones fail to calcify:
Disease of children in which bones fail to calcify:
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Inflammation of joints due to the body's immune system attacking its own synovial membranes:
Inflammation of joints due to the body's immune system attacking its own synovial membranes:
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Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix:
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix:
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Layers of calcification that are found in bone:
Layers of calcification that are found in bone:
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Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone:
Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone:
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Cells that can build bony matrix:
Cells that can build bony matrix:
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Area where bone growth in length takes place:
Area where bone growth in length takes place:
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Study Notes
Bone Structure and Composition
- Bones primarily store calcium and phosphorus, crucial for various bodily functions.
- Bone tissue is arranged in structural units called osteons, which comprise a central canal surrounded by layers of compact bone.
- The small cavities containing osteocytes within bone tissue are termed lacunae, which allow for cellular communication.
Types of Bones
- Human bones are classified based on shape, with skull bones categorized as flat bones.
- Long bones include the femur, tibia, humerus, and radius, which are essential for movement and support.
- Common types of fractures include:
- Comminuted fracture: Bone is broken into multiple fragments.
- Greenstick fracture: Often seen in children; bone bends and cracks partially.
- Compression fracture: Common in osteoporotic bones; bone collapses under pressure.
Bone Features and Functions
- Articular cartilage covers the epiphysis of bones to reduce joint friction.
- Yellow marrow functions to store adipose tissue in adults, while red marrow is responsible for blood cell formation.
- The epiphyseal plate indicates active longitudinal bone growth; its presence signifies that bones are still growing.
Skeleton and Joint Types
- The axial skeleton consists of the skull, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae, essential for protecting vital organs.
- Joints are classified by movement capabilities:
- Diarthroses: Freely movable joints (synovial joints).
- Amphiarthroses: Joints with limited movement.
- Synarthroses: Immovable joints.
Special Bone Structures
- The hyoid bone is unique as it does not articulate with any other bones, serving as an anchor for tongue muscles.
- The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped structure in the sphenoid bone, housing the pituitary gland.
- True ribs consist of seven pairs, which directly connect to the sternum.
Health Conditions Related to Bones
- Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.
- Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease affecting cartilage, common in older adults.
- Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder leading to joint inflammation and damage.
- Gout: Results from uric acid crystal accumulation, causing painful joint inflammation.
Cellular Functions in Bone
- Osteoblasts are responsible for building bony matrix, contributing to bone formation and mineralization.
- Osteoclasts dissolve the bony matrix, allowing for bone resorption and remodeling.
- Canaliculi are small channels that facilitate communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes within the bone matrix.
Additional Bone Features
- The intercondylar groove is a specific feature on the femur, important for knee joint articulation.
- The sternum is composed of three fused bones: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process, and is crucial for protecting the heart.
- Fontanels are the fibrous connections in a fetal skull, allowing flexibility during birth.
Bone Growth and Repair
- Bone remodeling is influenced by factors such as growth hormone, parathyroid hormone levels, and mechanical stress from weight and muscle pull.
- Healing a bone fracture typically progresses through stages: hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus formation, bony callus formation, and finally bone remodeling.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of biology related to bones and minerals with these flashcards. This quiz covers various aspects such as mineral composition in bones and the structure of bone tissue. Perfect for students preparing for exams or anyone interested in human anatomy.
