Questions and Answers
What is a chemical indicator used for?
The presence of a change in a solution.
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons through atoms.
What is an ionic bond?
Attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions.
What is the building block of proteins?
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What is the building block of fats?
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What is the building block of carbohydrates?
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What is the building block of nucleic acids?
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What is the function of proteins?
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What is the function of fats?
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What is the function of carbohydrates?
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What is the function of nucleic acids?
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What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?
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Which one is a solid at room temperature?
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What is the function of a phospholipid?
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What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
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Which releases water as a product and which is like digestion and releases energy?
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What determines the shape of a protein?
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What elements are found only in proteins?
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What is the difference between a positive and negative feedback mechanism?
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Give examples of a positive mechanism and a negative mechanism.
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Which feedback system is most commonly used in the body?
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In a saltwater solution, what is the solvent and what is the solute?
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What would happen to cells placed in a solution?
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What symptoms are displayed by type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
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What is insulin and where is it released?
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What is a hormone?
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How does insulin allow glucose to enter a cell?
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What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?
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What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?
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What are some of the complications of long-term diabetes?
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Can either type of diabetes be cured?
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Study Notes
Chemical Indicators and Bonding
- Chemical indicators show changes in a solution.
- A covalent bond involves sharing electrons between atoms.
- An ionic bond is the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
Building Blocks of Macromolecules
- Proteins are made of amino acids.
- Fats consist of glycerol and fatty acids.
- Carbohydrates are built from monosaccharides.
- Nucleic acids are formed by nucleotides.
Functions of Biological Molecules
- Proteins contribute to the structure of red blood cells.
- Fats serve as a source of energy.
- Carbohydrates provide energy for the body.
- Nucleic acids contain genetic information.
Fatty Acids Classification
- Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature.
- Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds and are typically liquid.
Cell Membranes and Synthesis Reactions
- Phospholipids form cell membranes.
- Dehydration synthesis bonds molecules by removing water, while hydrolysis adds water to dissolve bonds.
Protein Structure and Composition
- The shape of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
- Elements unique to proteins include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis; positive feedback amplifies stimuli.
- Examples: Childbirth (positive feedback), blood clotting (negative feedback).
- Negative feedback systems are predominant in the body.
Solutions and Cell Behavior
- In a saltwater solution, water acts as the solute and salt as the solvent.
- Cells in solutions behave differently: swell in hypertonic, shrink in hypotonic, and remain unchanged in isotonic conditions.
Diabetes Symptoms
- Type 1 diabetes symptoms: thirst, fatigue, hunger, and sweating.
- Type 2 diabetes symptoms: hunger, fatigue, thirst, and increased urination.
Insulin and Hormonal Functions
- Insulin is a hormone produced and released by the pancreas.
- Hormones function as chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream.
- Insulin allows glucose to enter cells by recruiting GLUT4 glucose transporters.
Diabetes Treatment and Complications
- Type 1 diabetes management includes regular monitoring, insulin therapy, diet, and exercise.
- Type 2 diabetes treatment involves diet, exercise, medications, and possibly insulin therapy.
- Long-term diabetes complications stem from consistently high blood sugar levels, which can lead to various health issues.
- Neither type 1 nor type 2 diabetes can be cured.
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Description
Test your knowledge with this study guide on key concepts in biology related to chemical indicators, covalent and ionic bonds, and protein structure. This quiz covers essential definitions and principles from Unit 2 of your PBS curriculum. Prepare effectively for your upcoming exams!