Biology Unit 2 Study Guide: PBS Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a chemical indicator used for?

The presence of a change in a solution.

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons through atoms.

What is an ionic bond?

Attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions.

What is the building block of proteins?

Amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block of fats?

Glycerol and fatty acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteins?

Structure of red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fats?

Source of energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Provide energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Make up genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids?

Saturated fats have no double bond between molecules; they are solid. Unsaturated fats are liquids. Signup and view all the answers

Which one is a solid at room temperature?

Saturated fat. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a phospholipid?

Form the membranes that surround the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

Dehydration synthesis bonds molecules together by removing water while in hydrolysis water is added to the molecules in order to dissolve those bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which releases water as a product and which is like digestion and releases energy?

Dehydration synthesis removes water while hydrolysis digests it. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the shape of a protein?

Sequence of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What elements are found only in proteins?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a positive and negative feedback mechanism?

Negative feedback mechanisms are used to maintain homeostasis and positive feedback tends to increase the stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of a positive mechanism and a negative mechanism.

A positive is childbirth and a negative is blood clotting. Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback system is most commonly used in the body?

Negative. Signup and view all the answers

In a saltwater solution, what is the solvent and what is the solute?

Water is the solvent, salt is the solute. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to cells placed in a solution?

Cells would swell in hypertonic, shrink in hypotonic, and remain the same in isotonic. Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are displayed by type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Type 1: thirst, fatigue, hunger, and sweating. Type 2: hunger, fatigue, thirst, and urination. Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin and where is it released?

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas released from the pancreas. Signup and view all the answers

What is a hormone?

Chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood. Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin allow glucose to enter a cell?

Recruiting membrane vesicles containing the GLUT4 glucose transporter. Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

Regular monitoring, insulin therapy, diet, and exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

Diet, exercise, medications, and insulin therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the complications of long-term diabetes?

Blood sugar higher than normal. Too much sugar in the blood can cause problems in the body. Signup and view all the answers

Can either type of diabetes be cured?

No. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Indicators and Bonding

Chemical indicators show changes in a solution.
A covalent bond involves sharing electrons between atoms.
An ionic bond is the attraction between two oppositely charged ions.

Building Blocks of Macromolecules

Proteins are made of amino acids.
Fats consist of glycerol and fatty acids.
Carbohydrates are built from monosaccharides.
Nucleic acids are formed by nucleotides.

Functions of Biological Molecules

Proteins contribute to the structure of red blood cells.
Fats serve as a source of energy.
Carbohydrates provide energy for the body.
Nucleic acids contain genetic information.

Fatty Acids Classification

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds and are typically liquid.

Cell Membranes and Synthesis Reactions

Phospholipids form cell membranes.
Dehydration synthesis bonds molecules by removing water, while hydrolysis adds water to dissolve bonds.

Protein Structure and Composition

The shape of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
Elements unique to proteins include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis; positive feedback amplifies stimuli.
Examples: Childbirth (positive feedback), blood clotting (negative feedback).
Negative feedback systems are predominant in the body.

Solutions and Cell Behavior

In a saltwater solution, water acts as the solute and salt as the solvent.
Cells in solutions behave differently: swell in hypertonic, shrink in hypotonic, and remain unchanged in isotonic conditions.

Diabetes Symptoms

Type 1 diabetes symptoms: thirst, fatigue, hunger, and sweating.
Type 2 diabetes symptoms: hunger, fatigue, thirst, and increased urination.

Insulin and Hormonal Functions

Insulin is a hormone produced and released by the pancreas.
Hormones function as chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream.
Insulin allows glucose to enter cells by recruiting GLUT4 glucose transporters.

Diabetes Treatment and Complications

Type 1 diabetes management includes regular monitoring, insulin therapy, diet, and exercise.
Type 2 diabetes treatment involves diet, exercise, medications, and possibly insulin therapy.
Long-term diabetes complications stem from consistently high blood sugar levels, which can lead to various health issues.
Neither type 1 nor type 2 diabetes can be cured.

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Test your knowledge with this study guide on key concepts in biology related to chemical indicators, covalent and ionic bonds, and protein structure. This quiz covers essential definitions and principles from Unit 2 of your PBS curriculum. Prepare effectively for your upcoming exams!