Questions and Answers
What is the smallest unit of life that is individually alive, even when part of a multicelled organism?
Which of the following statements is NOT part of cell theory?
What has been essential for the discovery of cells?
What type of microscopes can view structures such as mitochondria and chloroplasts?
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Which material do cells contain and pass to their offspring during division?
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What can cause sickness and even death in humans due to food contamination?
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Which of the following is an example of the largest organisms visible to the human eye without a microscope?
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How do we know that cells exist?
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What is the primary function of motor proteins in relation to the cytoskeleton?
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Which type of cytoskeletal element is involved in the reinforcement of the cell structure?
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What are microtubules primarily composed of?
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Which statement correctly describes intermediate filaments?
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In chloroplasts, where does photosynthesis primarily occur?
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What is the role of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
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Which structure surrounds the plasma membrane in some prokaryotic cells?
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What is the role of pili in prokaryotic cells?
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What is a biofilm?
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What process do ribosomes attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) perform?
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Which function is NOT associated with the Golgi bodies in eukaryotic cells?
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In a eukaryotic cell, what structure is responsible for controlling access to the cell’s DNA?
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What is the function of vesicles in eukaryotic cells?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi body?
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What is the primary role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for storing and transporting materials within a cell?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the endomembrane system?
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What is the significance of mitochondria having a double membrane structure?
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What do peroxisomes primarily break down?
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How do lysosomes contribute to cellular function?
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What is a key feature that suggests mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria?
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What is the primary function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the six properties that characterize living things?
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How do plasmodesmata contribute to plant cell communication?
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Which statement accurately describes self-sustaining biological processes in living things?
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What type of molecules do living organisms make and use?
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Which property allows living organisms to evolve over time?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure & Function
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Cell Theory:
- All organisms consist of one or more cells.
- A cell is the smallest unit of life and functional basis of all organisms.
- Living cells originate from pre-existing cells through division.
- Cells carry hereditary material (DNA) that is passed to offspring.
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Microscope Discovery:
- Microscopes enabled the discovery of cells, revealing life forms previously unknown.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
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Cytoplasm:
- Contains ribosomes, the organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
- Houses circular DNA in a nucleoid region, with additional genes potentially found in plasmids.
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Cell Wall:
- A semirigid but permeable layer surrounds the plasma membrane in some cells.
- Composed of peptides and polysaccharides in bacteria and proteins in archaea.
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Surface Extensions:
- Pili: Protein filaments that help cells adhere to surfaces and share genetic material.
- Flagella: Long structures that provide motility.
Biofilms
- Communities of diverse microorganisms enveloped in a shared mass of slime.
- Commonly attach to solid surfaces, offering advantages like protection and resource sharing.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
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Nucleus:
- Protects and regulates access to the cell's DNA.
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Endomembrane System:
- Comprises rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), vesicles, and Golgi bodies, facilitating lipid and protein production/modification.
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Ribosomes:
- Attached to rough ER, synthesize polypeptides that acquire specific structures in the ER.
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Golgi Bodies:
- Modify proteins and lipids, packaging them into vesicles for transport.
Organelles
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Vesicles:
- Small, membrane-bound structures for storage, transport, or degradation of materials.
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Vacuoles:
- Fluid-filled organelles that isolate or remove waste or toxic substances.
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Lysosomes:
- Contain enzymes for cellular digestion.
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Peroxisomes:
- Break down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxins.
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Mitochondria:
- Double-membraned organelles responsible for ATP production.
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Chloroplasts:
- Organelles that facilitate photosynthesis.
Cytoskeleton
- A dynamic network of protein filaments that supports and organizes eukaryotic cells.
- Microtubules: Involved in cellular movement, formed from tubulin subunits.
- Microfilaments: Reinforce the cell structure with actin fibers.
- Intermediate Filaments: Anchor cells and tissues together.
Motor Proteins
- Proteins that consume energy to facilitate movement within cells, such as transporting vesicles along microtubules.
Plasmodesmata
- Channels connecting adjacent plant cells, allowing the movement of water, nutrients, and signaling molecules.
Characteristics of Life
- Living things make and utilize organic molecules.
- Composed of one or more cells.
- Undergo self-sustaining processes like metabolism.
- Experience changes throughout their lifespan.
- Use DNA for heredity during reproduction.
- Have the capacity for evolution across generations.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of animal cell structure and function in this quiz based on Unit 2 of your biology course. Discover how cells contribute to living organisms and the significance of bacteria in our health. Test your knowledge about cell theory and the impact of toxins.