Cell Theory and Cell Structure Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

Protein synthesis

Storing genetic material

Photosynthesis

Generating ATP through cellular respiration (correct)

Which structure is unique to plant cells and provides additional support?

Chloroplast

Cell wall (correct)

Cell membrane

Lysosome

What statement best describes the function of ribosomes in a cell?

Synthesize proteins using mRNA instructions (correct)

Store water and maintain turgor pressure

Control cell activities and store DNA

Modify and package proteins for secretion

What is the main effect of osmosis on plant cells?

Helps maintain turgor pressure by filling vacuoles with water Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for modifying and sorting proteins before secretion?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes primarily do within a cell?

Digest and recycle waste materials Signup and view all the answers

How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum differ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

It synthesizes proteins while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes cell theory?

All living organisms are composed of cells and cells are the basic unit of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?

To provide energy in the form of ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

S Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the total magnification if the eyepiece is set at 10x and the objective lens is set at 100x?

1000x Signup and view all the answers

What crucial role does DNA play in cells?

It carries genetic instructions for development Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of mitosis involves chromosomes aligning at the cell's equator?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

Cleavage furrow formation Signup and view all the answers

What key function do checkpoints serve in the cell cycle?

They ensure correct cell division Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about plant and animal cell mitosis is correct?

Animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate Signup and view all the answers

What can result from errors in the cell cycle?

Cancer or genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of cells.
Cells are the fundamental units of life from single-celled to multi-celled.
Cells perform all life processes (metabolism, reproduction).
All new cells emerge from pre-existing cells.

Animal and Plant Cells

Animal Cells

Typically round or irregular shapes.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell activity.
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration (energy production).
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough (protein) and smooth (lipid) synthesis, transport.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to break down waste.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance where reactions occur.

Plant Cells

Typically rectangular or box-like shapes.
- Cell Wall: Provides structural support and protection (cellulose).
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis.
- Vacuole: Large central vacuole for water storage and turgor pressure.
- Plasmodesmata: Channels connecting plant cells.

Organelle Functions

Nucleus: Stores genetic material, directs cell activities.
Mitochondria: Create ATP (energy) via cellular respiration.
Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER makes proteins, smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins.
Lysosomes: Digest cellular waste and foreign material.
Vacuoles: Store nutrients, waste, and maintain pressure in plant cells.
Cell Membrane: Regulates materials entering and leaving the cell.

Osmosis and Diffusion

Osmosis: Water movement across a membrane from low to high solute concentration. (e.g., water entering plant cells).
Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (e.g., oxygen into blood cells).

Energy Generation in Cells

Location: Mitochondria.
Reaction: Cellular respiration converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy).
Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP

Microscope Calculations

Total Magnification: Eyepiece magnification x objective lens magnification (e.g., 10x eyepiece x 40x objective = 400x).
Field of View: Field of view at lower magnification x magnification at higher magnification / magnification at lower magnification
Cell Size: Field of view / Number of cells across the field.

Importance of DNA

DNA carries genetic instructions for development, growth, function, and reproduction.
Accurate DNA is crucial for proper cellular function.
Mutations in DNA can cause diseases (e.g., cancer).

Cell Division and Mitosis

Reasons for division: Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
Interphase: Cell grows & DNA replicates (G1, S, G2 phases).
Mitosis Stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the center.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelope reforms.
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, producing two daughter cells.
Plant vs. Animal Mitosis: Plant cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis; animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

The Cell Cycle

Cycle Steps: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.
Checkpoints: Control points in the cell cycle that ensure accuracy (G1, G2, M checkpoints).
Problems from Disturbances: Uncontrolled cell division (cancer), genetic disorders.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of cell theory and the differences between animal and plant cells. This quiz covers key cell components, their functions, and the essential characteristics of life. Gain a deeper understanding of cellular biology in both single-celled and multicellular organisms.