Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- New cells arise from existing cells.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic: Nucleus present, larger (e.g., plant and animal cells).
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, energy production.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier.

Plant Cells
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis.
- Cell Wall: Provides structure and protection.
- Large Vacuole: Stores nutrients and waste products.
Animal Cells
- No cell wall.
- Smaller vacuoles compared to plant cells.

Process: Conversion of glucose into usable energy (ATP).
Types:
- Aerobic: Requires oxygen; produces more ATP.
- Anaerobic: Occurs without oxygen; produces less ATP (e.g., fermentation).

DNA Structure
- Double helix shape.
- Composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Mendelian Genetics
- Traits are inherited according to specific patterns.
- Dominant and recessive traits.
- Punnett Squares: Used to predict genetic outcomes.

Theory of Evolution: Species change over time through natural selection.
Natural Selection:
- Variation, competition, survival of the fittest.
- Adaptation leads to evolution.

Ecosystem: Community of living organisms and their environment.
Biotic Factors: Living components (plants, animals).
Abiotic Factors: Non-living components (water, sunlight).
Food Chains and Food Webs
- Food Chain: Linear sequence of energy transfer.
- Food Web: Interconnected food chains.

Major Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports blood and nutrients.
- Respiratory System: Exchange of gases (O₂ and CO₂).
- Digestive System: Breaks down food for energy.
- Nervous System: Controls body functions and responses.

Asexual Reproduction: Offspring arise from a single organism (e.g., binary fission in bacteria).
Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents, combines genetic material (e.g., fertilization).

Cell Theory: Fundamental principle outlining that all living organisms consist of cells, which are the smallest units of life, and that new cells originate from pre-existing ones.
Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a defined nucleus, generally smaller; representative example includes bacteria.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Characterized by a true nucleus; larger than prokaryotic cells, includes plant and animal cells.
Cell Organelles:
- Nucleus: Contains the cell's genetic blueprint (DNA).
- Mitochondria: Known as the cell's powerhouse, crucial for energy production (ATP).
- Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Divided into rough ER (membrane-bound ribosomes for protein synthesis) and smooth ER (lipid synthesis).
- Golgi Apparatus: Responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion.

Plant Cells:
- Contain chloroplasts, responsible for photosynthesis.
- Possess a rigid cell wall that provides structural support and protection.
- Feature a large vacuole for storage of nutrients and waste.
Animal Cells:
- Lack a cell wall, leading to a more flexible structure.
- Typically have smaller vacuoles compared to plant cells.

Process: Converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose.
Biochemical Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, indicating the reactants and products involved.
Location: Takes place in chloroplasts within plant cells.

Process: Transforms glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of cells.
Types:
- Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen and generates the maximum amount of ATP.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs in the absence of oxygen, yielding less ATP; fermentation is an example.

DNA Structure: Characterized by a double helix, comprises four nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Mendelian Genetics: Explains the inheritance of traits and categorizes them as dominant or recessive.
Punnett Squares: A tool utilized to predict the genetic outcomes of crosses.

Theory of Evolution: Suggests that species undergo changes over time due to natural selection.
Natural Selection Mechanism: Involves variation among individuals, competition for resources, and survival of those best adapted to their environment.

Ecosystem: Defined as a community consisting of living organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic factors).
Food Chains and Food Webs:
- Food Chain: A simple linear representation of energy flow between organisms.
- Food Web: A more complex interconnected series of food chains depicting multiple feeding relationships.

Circulatory System: Facilitates transport of blood, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
Respiratory System: Responsible for gas exchange, primarily oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion.
Digestive System: Breaks down food into energy and nutrients.
Nervous System: Coordinates and controls body activities and responses to stimuli.

Asexual Reproduction: Involves a single parent organism producing offspring through processes like binary fission.
Sexual Reproduction: Combines genetic material from two parents, leading to greater diversity in offspring through fertilization.