Biology Unit 1: Diversity of Life

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Questions and Answers

What are the 6 kingdoms for classifying living things?

Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Explain what binomial nomenclature is.

Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system for organisms, consisting of the genus name and species name.

What are homologous, analogous, and vestigial features?

Homologous features are structures from a common ancestor, analogous features serve similar functions but do not arise from a common ancestor, and vestigial features are remnants of organs that had a function in an ancestor.

List four reproductive isolating mechanisms.

Temporal isolation, ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, and mechanical isolation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse gametes. Signup and view all the answers

Describe three ways bacteria can be inhibited in growth.

Bacteria can be inhibited by antibiotics, extreme temperatures, and desiccation (drying out). Signup and view all the answers

Identify three examples of helpful bacteria.

Lactobacillus (used in yogurt), Escherichia coli (involved in digestion), and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (help in plant growth). Signup and view all the answers

What are the five conditions that must be met for a population to be in equilibrium?

No mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, and no gene flow. Signup and view all the answers

Define the terms phenotype and genotype.

Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism, while genotype is the genetic constitution that determines these traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?

Homozygous alleles are identical forms of a gene, while heterozygous alleles are different forms of that gene. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a test cross in genetics.

A test cross involves breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive organism to determine the unknown genotype. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main features of a good gas exchange surface.

A good gas exchange surface is thin, moist, and has a large surface area to maximize diffusion of gases. Signup and view all the answers

Trace the path of blood from the superior vena cava to the aorta.

Blood flows from the superior vena cava into the right atrium, then through the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, returns via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, passes into the left ventricle, and is then pumped into the aorta. Signup and view all the answers

What is vital capacity and why is it significant?

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation, indicating lung health and respiratory efficiency. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between monocot and dicot stems.

Monocot stems typically have vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, while dicot stems have vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Signup and view all the answers

What role do guard cells play in plant physiology?

Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata to control gas exchange and water loss in plants. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Diversity

Six kingdoms for classifying living things are listed.
Levels of organization are described, from kingdom to species.
Binomial nomenclature is defined.
Carl Linnaeus is mentioned.
Dichotomous keys are explained.
The lifecycle of a DNA virus is illustrated (drawing/labeling required).
Differences between DNA and RNA viruses are highlighted.
Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells are compared.
Definitions of coccus, bacillus, streptococcus, and spirillum are given.
Three examples of beneficial bacteria are listed.
Bacteria's growth and reproduction requirements are described.
Methods to inhibit bacterial growth are mentioned.
The methods of sexual and asexual bacterial reproduction are outlined.
Three methods of protist movement are explained.
Protists' energy sources are discussed.
Methods of protist reproduction are examined.
Three examples of useful fungi and their characteristics are described.
Definitions of mycelium and hypha are given.

Unit 2: Genetics

Defining chromosome, chromatin, sister chromatids, and homologous chromosomes.
Structure and function of DNA is elaborated.
Mitosis and meiosis are differentiated (with a chart and diagrams recommended).
Definitions of karyotype, nondisjunction, synapsis (tetrad), mutation, random assortment, phenotype/genotype, homozygous/heterozygous, allele/gene, hybrid/pure bred, dominant/recessive are given.
Examples of genetic problems (incomplete, dominance, multiple alleles, co-dominance, sex-linked) are recommended.
Definitions of pedigree, gene therapy, test cross, and inbreeding are given.

Unit 3: Evolution

Six lines of evolutionary evidence are listed.
Homologous, analogous, and vestigial features are distinguished.
Types of natural selection: directional, stabilizing, and disruptive.
Differences between convergent and divergent evolution are explained.
Darwin's work before The Origin of Species is discussed.
Four reproductive isolating mechanisms are listed.
Five conditions for a population to be in equilibrium are detailed.

Unit 4: Systems (Digestion)

Six nutrients are summarized.
Chemical indicators (iodine, Benedict's, and Biuret's) are summarized in a chart format.
Three digestive system disorders are described.
A hamburger's digestive pathway is outlined, including stages and structures.
The lock and key enzyme model is described. Three enzyme features are mentioned.
Three examples of enzymes and their substrates are provided.
Definitions of peristalsis, colonoscopy, sphincter, chime, bolus, epiglottis, rugae, and villi are given.

Unit 5: Respiration, Circulation, and Plants

Features of a good gas exchange surface are discussed.
The effect of air passing through the nasal passages is elaborated.
Respiratory structures (for inhalation/exhalation) are indicated.
Respiratory volumes (vital capacity, residual volume, tidal volume, IRV, and ERV) are defined.
Control mechanisms of inhalation/exhalation, including the role of diaphragm and intercostal muscles, and pressure/volume changes are elaborated.
Factors affecting breathing rate are listed.
Three respiratory system health problems are described.
Blood functions and blood types are described.
Blood components and their functions are given.
Blood pressure definition/measurement and variability are explained.
A red blood cell's path from the superior vena cava to the aorta is traced.
How the heart beats (SA node and AV node) is described.
Differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries are explained.
The tissue for water transport in plants and its overcoming gravity is mentioned.
Source-to-Sink sugar flow in plants is described.
Differences between monocot and dicot stem, roots, and leaves are differentiated.
Guard cell function and mechanics are described.
Three root functions are listed.
Seed dispersal methods are explained.
Components of a seed are noted.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of living organisms in this quiz focused on Diversity. You'll learn about the six kingdoms of life, the intricacies of classifying organisms, and the essential contributions of Carl Linnaeus. Additionally, it covers the differences between viruses, the growth requirements of bacteria, and the unique characteristics of fungi and protists.