Compendium 2

The cytoskeleton supports the cell and its organelles while facilitating movement and changes in cell shape.

Microtubules serve as an internal scaffold for the cell, transporting materials, and aiding in cell division.

The nuclear envelope, which is a bilayer membrane, separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

<p>Chromatin, which is DNA complexed with proteins, divides into pairs of chromatids that form chromosomes during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleolus primarily produces ribosomes, which are essential for protein synthesis in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia help move mucus out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flagella are longer than cilia and are primarily responsible for mobility, as seen in sperm cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvilli increase the surface area of the cell to enhance absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histology is the technique used to study cells and tissues under a microscope, highlighting cellular features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step is removing tissue via biopsy or autopsy, followed by fixation using paraformaldehyde.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main components include plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, and cytoskeletons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma membrane encloses and supports cellular contents while regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating messenger RNA into polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a flexible structure composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, allowing for fluid movement and various functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm is the cellular fluid material outside the nucleus, containing organelles and cytosol, which is a viscous solution of water, ions, and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasmic inclusions are aggregates of chemicals, either made in the cell or transported into it, and they play various roles in metabolism and storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells communicate via chemical signals sent through the plasma membrane, which can involve receptors that respond to hormones or neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The polar heads of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and face outward toward water, while the non-polar tails are hydrophobic and face inward, away from water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis where amino acids are assembled into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on its surface, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and has a more tubular appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes act as the cell's demolition crew by digesting unwanted molecules using enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria serve as the 'power plant' of the cell, producing ATP, the energy currency of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centrioles are barrel-shaped organelles made of microtubules, and they help form meiotic spindles during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia facilitate the movement of substances across the cell surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The centromere is the region where two chromatids are joined, playing a crucial role during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, large and small, and can be either free in the cytoplasm or membrane-bound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria have two membranes and a matrix that allows for multiple reactions essential for ATP synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, functioning mainly in diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers, but is actually a single layer with all cells attached to the basement membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple cuboidal epithelium can be found in kidney tubules and bronchioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Squamous (alveoli), cuboidal (kidney tubules), columnar (intestinal lining), transitional (urinary bladder).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue has the ability to regenerate constantly from the basal layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stratified epithelium has multiple layers of cells, while simple epithelium has only one layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system, characterized by its ability to change shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma membrane encloses and supports cellular contents while controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a flexible structure with a phospholipid bilayer that contains various proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates scattered throughout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organelles within the cytoplasm perform specific functions such as energy production, protein synthesis, and waste degradation, essential for cell metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophilic regions of the plasma membrane are the polar heads of phospholipids facing water, while hydrophobic regions are the non-polar tails facing each other in the interior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates in the plasma membrane serve as glycoproteins and glycolipids, which are important for cell recognition and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration to provide energy for cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell communication is crucial for coordinating activities among cells, regulating processes like metabolism, growth, and reproduction through chemical or electrical signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions are lipid droplets for energy storage and pigment granules for color, which are important for cellular function and metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microfilaments, made of actin, facilitate movement through contractility and support cellular structures like microvilli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear envelope, a bilayer membrane, protects the nucleus and regulates transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleolus primarily produces ribosomes, which are crucial for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The abundance of organelles corresponds to the specific functions required by the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microtubules are involved in transporting chromosomes and forming the mitotic spindle during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cytoskeleton's components, including microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, work together to provide structure, shape, and motility to the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histones are proteins that help organize and condense DNA into chromatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organelles carry out specific functions such as energy production, protein synthesis, and waste disposal, which are essential for the cell's survival and operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart generates pressure to move blood through the vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The myocardium is the middle muscular layer of the heart, composed of cardiomyocytes that facilitate heart contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac muscle is striated and has intercalated disks, while smooth muscle lacks striations and has a single nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow, while vasodilation increases blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous tissue consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendrites receive information from other cells and transmit it to the neuron’s cell body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle in blood vessels regulates their diameter, influencing blood flow and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiomyocytes are striated and interconnected by intercalated disks, allowing efficient contraction and communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroglia nourish, insulate, and protect neurons, enhancing their function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both cardiac and smooth muscles are under involuntary control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, as they are responsible for cellular respiration and producing ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle cells have multiple nuclei to allow for greater regulation and control of numerous functions required for contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids produced in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes digest waste materials and unwanted molecules, maintaining cellular health by recycling components and eliminating debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematoxylin stains nuclei purple, while eosin stains other cell structures, including the cytoplasm, pink.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plane of section can alter the visibility and arrangement of structures within the tissues, impacting their appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four primary tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial tissue's primary function is to cover and protect surfaces of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are known as the free surface, lateral surface, and basal surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue supports and binds other tissues and organs together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous tissue is responsible for control and communication within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glandular epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue that produces and secretes substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers