Biology: Structure and Properties of Collagen

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What is a characteristic of short bones?

They have a medullary cavity

They have a single center of ossification (correct)

They are found in areas with minimal movement

They are developed from multiple centers of ossification

What is the main function of sesamoid bones?

To aid tendon movement and prevent excessive tendon wear (correct)

To transmit forces from muscles to bones

To increase the range of motion in joints

To provide leverage to muscles

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?

To support and maintain bone structure

To reabsorb unwanted bone (correct)

To form new bone matrix

To differentiate into osteoblasts

What is the purpose of the Haversian canal in compact bone?

To provide a pathway for blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of surface markings on bones?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that gives bone its strength and flexibility?

Osteon (Haversian system) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ossification produces flat, short, and irregular bones?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bone collar in the formation of long bones?

It prevents cartilage from gaining nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone formation?

To secrete osteoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of vascularization in the diaphysis during endochondral ossification?

The introduction of osteogenic cells and calcium salts Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are trapped in the mineralized matrix and become osteocytes?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of secondary ossification centers in endochondral ossification?

Epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of muscle function?

Internal architecture Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of muscle work?

Rowing a paddle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of elastin molecules?

To maintain protein structure integrity when subjected to tensile forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of the organic matrix in bones?

Type I collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteoglycans in connective tissue?

To act as a space filler Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of the CRIMP structure in collagen?

It is able to store energy and be elongated Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hyaluronan in connective tissue?

To act as a lubricant and space filler Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue?

To act as a space filler and anti-compressive agent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Acetylcholinesterase in synaptic communication?

To break down ACh in the synaptic cleft Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic neuron?

To allow Ca2+ ions to diffuse into the presynaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the Ca2+ transient in the muscle fiber?

Cross-bridge cycling and muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What type of contraction occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening?

Eccentric contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sesamoid bones in the body?

To ease tendon movement and prevent excessive wear Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone lacks a medullary cavity?

Short bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of muscle function?

Internal architecture Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteogenic cells in bone development?

To differentiate into osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the arrangement of muscle fibers at the structural level?

Muscle volume and moment arms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the finger-like projections surrounding the Haversian canal in bone tissue?

To allow communication between bone cells Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of muscle force?

Holding a laser pointer on the palm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?

To reabsorb unwanted bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of short bones that allows for greater range of motion in joints?

They are found in areas with lots of action Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of muscle force on an object with mass?

The object changes velocity Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that allows for effective material exchange and transport between bone cells and blood vessels?

Lacuna Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of muscle work?

Rowing a boat Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between muscle force and muscle work?

Muscle force is a component of muscle work Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of surface markings on bones?

To provide leverage to muscles when they cross joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of muscle architecture on tendons?

Tendons are unaffected Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gravity in the example of muscle force?

Gravity opposes the muscle force Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of smooth muscle histology slides?

Single nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contraction is voluntary?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Type I and Type IIb muscle fibers?

Type I has lower glycolytic capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?

To enable the muscle to regenerate readily Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of irregular arrangement in muscle cells?

Intercalated disks Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Type IIa muscle fibers?

Mix of aerobic and anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Type IIb muscle fibers?

For postural activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the muscle anatomy of quadrupedal herbivores?

Reduced energy cost to swing limbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the long tail in quadrupedal carnivores?

To act as a counterbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of the digitigrade stance in quadrupedal carnivores?

Improved grasping and gritting ability Signup and view all the answers

What is the main adaptation of bipedal locomotion in humans?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ECM in connective tissue?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proximal hindlimb muscles in quadrupedal carnivores?

To facilitate power and propulsion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main adaptation of flight in birds?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the connective tissue in locomotion?

To provide structural support and transmit mechanical stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cross-links between elastin molecules?

To maintain protein structure integrity when subjected to tensile forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue?

To facilitate the storage of water Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the CRIMP structure in collagen?

It can be elongated and store energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the organic matrix in bones?

Type I collagen Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of proteoglycans in connective tissue?

To facilitate the storage of water Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hyaluronan in connective tissue?

To facilitate the storage of water and provide lubrication Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ground substance in connective tissue?

To facilitate the storage of water Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that gives bone its strength and flexibility?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

ATP binds to ______ head causing it to lose affinity for actin.

myosin Signup and view all the answers

O Ca2+ ions can be stored back into the ______ when CaATPase hydrolyses ATP.

sarcoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Simple reaction → very rapid ______ generation.

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Tendon - Work in a controlled and regular manner - Structure: o Hierarchical arrangement of ______ fiber parallel to long axis of tendon.

tendon Signup and view all the answers

Tendons are stretchy → shorter muscle fibers are needed →∵short ∴contraction is limited → ↓______ cost of contraction.

NRG Signup and view all the answers

Tendons act as ______ in limbs of horses: stores elastic energy → release and recoils quickly when carpus buckles.

catapults Signup and view all the answers

Ligament - Composition o 75% ______.

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

Cartilage - Composition o 10-20% ______ (mostly type II).

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

Cartilage adaptation in different ______.

regions Signup and view all the answers

Cartilage ▪ ∵X blood supply to cartilage →↓[O2] → depends on ______ respiration.

anaerobic Signup and view all the answers

Muscle _____ is the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change velocity.

force Signup and view all the answers

Biology: Structure and Properties of Collagen

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of short bones?

What is the main function of sesamoid bones?

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?

What is the purpose of the Haversian canal in compact bone?

What is the function of surface markings on bones?

What is the structure that gives bone its strength and flexibility?

What type of ossification produces flat, short, and irregular bones?

What is the function of the bone collar in the formation of long bones?

What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone formation?

What is the result of vascularization in the diaphysis during endochondral ossification?

What type of cells are trapped in the mineralized matrix and become osteocytes?

What is the site of secondary ossification centers in endochondral ossification?

What is the primary determinant of muscle function?

What is an example of muscle work?

What is the main benefit of elastin molecules?

What is the main component of the organic matrix in bones?

What is the primary function of proteoglycans in connective tissue?

What is the benefit of the CRIMP structure in collagen?

What is the primary function of hyaluronan in connective tissue?

What is the primary function of glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue?

What is the primary function of Acetylcholinesterase in synaptic communication?

What is the role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic neuron?

What is the result of the Ca2+ transient in the muscle fiber?

What type of contraction occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening?

What is the main function of sesamoid bones in the body?

Which type of bone lacks a medullary cavity?

What is the primary determinant of muscle function?

What is the function of osteogenic cells in bone development?

What is the effect of the arrangement of muscle fibers at the structural level?

What is the purpose of the finger-like projections surrounding the Haversian canal in bone tissue?

What is an example of muscle force?

What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?

What is the characteristic of short bones that allows for greater range of motion in joints?

What is the result of muscle force on an object with mass?

What is the structure that allows for effective material exchange and transport between bone cells and blood vessels?

What is an example of muscle work?

What is the relationship between muscle force and muscle work?

What is the function of surface markings on bones?

What is the effect of muscle architecture on tendons?

What is the role of gravity in the example of muscle force?

What is the characteristic of smooth muscle histology slides?

Which type of muscle contraction is voluntary?

What is the difference between Type I and Type IIb muscle fibers?

What is the function of multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?

What is the characteristic of irregular arrangement in muscle cells?

What is the characteristic of Type IIa muscle fibers?

What is the purpose of Type IIb muscle fibers?

What is the main advantage of the muscle anatomy of quadrupedal herbivores?

What is the function of the long tail in quadrupedal carnivores?

What is the primary advantage of the digitigrade stance in quadrupedal carnivores?

What is the main adaptation of bipedal locomotion in humans?

What is the function of the ECM in connective tissue?

What is the primary function of the proximal hindlimb muscles in quadrupedal carnivores?

What is the main adaptation of flight in birds?

What is the main function of the connective tissue in locomotion?

What is the function of the cross-links between elastin molecules?

What is the main function of glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue?

What is the characteristic of the CRIMP structure in collagen?

What is the primary component of the organic matrix in bones?

What is the function of proteoglycans in connective tissue?

What is the purpose of hyaluronan in connective tissue?

What is the function of ground substance in connective tissue?

What is the structure that gives bone its strength and flexibility?

ATP binds to ______ head causing it to lose affinity for actin.

O Ca2+ ions can be stored back into the ______ when CaATPase hydrolyses ATP.

Simple reaction → very rapid ______ generation.

Tendon - Work in a controlled and regular manner - Structure: o Hierarchical arrangement of ______ fiber parallel to long axis of tendon.

Tendons are stretchy → shorter muscle fibers are needed →∵short ∴contraction is limited → ↓______ cost of contraction.

Tendons act as ______ in limbs of horses: stores elastic energy → release and recoils quickly when carpus buckles.

Ligament - Composition o 75% ______.

Cartilage - Composition o 10-20% ______ (mostly type II).

Cartilage adaptation in different ______.

Cartilage ▪ ∵X blood supply to cartilage →↓[O2] → depends on ______ respiration.

Muscle _____ is the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change velocity.

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