Biology: Structure and Properties of Collagen
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of short bones?

  • They have a medullary cavity
  • They have a single center of ossification (correct)
  • They are found in areas with minimal movement
  • They are developed from multiple centers of ossification

    • What is the main function of sesamoid bones?

  • To aid tendon movement and prevent excessive tendon wear (correct)
  • To transmit forces from muscles to bones
  • To increase the range of motion in joints
  • To provide leverage to muscles

    • What is the role of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?

  • To support and maintain bone structure
  • To reabsorb unwanted bone (correct)
  • To form new bone matrix
  • To differentiate into osteoblasts

    • What is the purpose of the Haversian canal in compact bone?

    <p>To provide a pathway for blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surface markings on bones?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that gives bone its strength and flexibility?

    <p>Osteon (Haversian system)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ossification produces flat, short, and irregular bones?

    <p>Intramembranous ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bone collar in the formation of long bones?

    <p>It prevents cartilage from gaining nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone formation?

    <p>To secrete osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of vascularization in the diaphysis during endochondral ossification?

    <p>The introduction of osteogenic cells and calcium salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are trapped in the mineralized matrix and become osteocytes?

    <p>Osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of secondary ossification centers in endochondral ossification?

    <p>Epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of muscle function?

    <p>Internal architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of muscle work?

    <p>Rowing a paddle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of elastin molecules?

    <p>To maintain protein structure integrity when subjected to tensile forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the organic matrix in bones?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteoglycans in connective tissue?

    <p>To act as a space filler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the CRIMP structure in collagen?

    <p>It is able to store energy and be elongated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hyaluronan in connective tissue?

    <p>To act as a lubricant and space filler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue?

    <p>To act as a space filler and anti-compressive agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Acetylcholinesterase in synaptic communication?

    <p>To break down ACh in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic neuron?

    <p>To allow Ca2+ ions to diffuse into the presynaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the Ca2+ transient in the muscle fiber?

    <p>Cross-bridge cycling and muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of contraction occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening?

    <p>Eccentric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sesamoid bones in the body?

    <p>To ease tendon movement and prevent excessive wear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bone lacks a medullary cavity?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of muscle function?

    <p>Internal architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of osteogenic cells in bone development?

    <p>To differentiate into osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the arrangement of muscle fibers at the structural level?

    <p>Muscle volume and moment arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the finger-like projections surrounding the Haversian canal in bone tissue?

    <p>To allow communication between bone cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of muscle force?

    <p>Holding a laser pointer on the palm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone maintenance?

    <p>To reabsorb unwanted bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of short bones that allows for greater range of motion in joints?

    <p>They are found in areas with lots of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of muscle force on an object with mass?

    <p>The object changes velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that allows for effective material exchange and transport between bone cells and blood vessels?

    <p>Lacuna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of muscle work?

    <p>Rowing a boat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between muscle force and muscle work?

    <p>Muscle force is a component of muscle work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surface markings on bones?

    <p>To provide leverage to muscles when they cross joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of muscle architecture on tendons?

    <p>Tendons are unaffected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gravity in the example of muscle force?

    <p>Gravity opposes the muscle force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of smooth muscle histology slides?

    <p>Single nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction is voluntary?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Type I and Type IIb muscle fibers?

    <p>Type I has lower glycolytic capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>To enable the muscle to regenerate readily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of irregular arrangement in muscle cells?

    <p>Intercalated disks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Type IIa muscle fibers?

    <p>Mix of aerobic and anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Type IIb muscle fibers?

    <p>For postural activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the muscle anatomy of quadrupedal herbivores?

    <p>Reduced energy cost to swing limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the long tail in quadrupedal carnivores?

    <p>To act as a counterbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the digitigrade stance in quadrupedal carnivores?

    <p>Improved grasping and gritting ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main adaptation of bipedal locomotion in humans?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ECM in connective tissue?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proximal hindlimb muscles in quadrupedal carnivores?

    <p>To facilitate power and propulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main adaptation of flight in birds?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the connective tissue in locomotion?

    <p>To provide structural support and transmit mechanical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cross-links between elastin molecules?

    <p>To maintain protein structure integrity when subjected to tensile forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue?

    <p>To facilitate the storage of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the CRIMP structure in collagen?

    <p>It can be elongated and store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the organic matrix in bones?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteoglycans in connective tissue?

    <p>To facilitate the storage of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hyaluronan in connective tissue?

    <p>To facilitate the storage of water and provide lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ground substance in connective tissue?

    <p>To facilitate the storage of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that gives bone its strength and flexibility?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP binds to ______ head causing it to lose affinity for actin.

    <p>myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    O Ca2+ ions can be stored back into the ______ when CaATPase hydrolyses ATP.

    <p>sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple reaction → very rapid ______ generation.

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendon - Work in a controlled and regular manner - Structure: o Hierarchical arrangement of ______ fiber parallel to long axis of tendon.

    <p>tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons are stretchy → shorter muscle fibers are needed →∵short ∴contraction is limited → ↓______ cost of contraction.

    <p>NRG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons act as ______ in limbs of horses: stores elastic energy → release and recoils quickly when carpus buckles.

    <p>catapults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ligament - Composition o 75% ______.

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage - Composition o 10-20% ______ (mostly type II).

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage adaptation in different ______.

    <p>regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cartilage ▪ ∵X blood supply to cartilage →↓[O2] → depends on ______ respiration.

    <p>anaerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle _____ is the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change velocity.

    <p>force</p> Signup and view all the answers

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