Reproductive System PowerPoint

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ductus deferens?

To transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (correct)

To produce seminal fluid

To store and mature sperm

To serve as a birth canal

Which phase of the menstrual cycle is primarily responsible for ovarian follicle maturation?

Follicular Phase (correct)

Ovulatory Phase

Luteal Phase

Menstrual Phase

What structure is formed when the ductus deferens merges with the seminal vesicle?

Prostate gland

Vas deferens

Urethra

Ejaculatory duct (correct)

Where does fertilization typically occur within the female reproductive system?

Fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

Which components contribute to seminal vesicle secretion?

Alkaline fluid and fructose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ductus deferens during ejaculation?

Contract in waves to propel sperm Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ejaculatory duct serve in the male reproductive system?

Receives sperm and seminal fluid for ejaculation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the secretion from the seminal vesicles?

Fructose to provide energy for sperm Signup and view all the answers

What protective function does the bulbourethral glands' secretion provide?

Neutralizes any acidic urine in the urethra Signup and view all the answers

Which structure surrounds the first inch of the urethra and contributes to semen expulsion?

Prostate gland Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes does the head of a sperm contain?

23 Signup and view all the answers

In what structure do sperm complete their maturation?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

What describes the composition of the prostate's secretion?

Alkaline to maintain sperm motility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the ductus deferens in the male reproductive system?

Transport of sperm from the epididymis Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the growth of ovarian follicles during oogenesis?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the seminiferous tubules to the ejaculatory duct?

Ductus deferens Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilization of the egg typically occur?

Fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main components secreted by the seminal vesicles?

Fructose Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is responsible for promoting the maturation of the ovum during oogenesis?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What forms after fertilization of the secondary oocyte?

Zygote Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle is a mature ovum typically released?

Ovulatory phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mammary glands during lactation?

To produce milk for the nourishment of offspring Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the preparation of mammary glands for milk production during pregnancy?

Estrogen and progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the condition where the prostate enlarges and may lead to urinary difficulties?

Benign prostatic hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the shedding of the uterine lining occur?

Menstrual phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range for the occurrence of prostate cancer in men?

Over age 50 Signup and view all the answers

What role does the acrosome of the sperm serve?

Digests the egg cell's membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which gland produces a secretion that neutralizes acidic urine just before ejaculation?

Bulbourethral glands Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for transporting sperm from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity?

Ductus deferens Signup and view all the answers

The secretion from which of these glands provides fructose for sperm energy?

Seminal vesicles Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

Secreting both progesterone and estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the ductus deferens aids in the propulsion of sperm during ejaculation?

Smooth muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the alkaline secretion produced by the prostate gland?

To increase sperm motility Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the peristaltic movement of the ovum towards the uterus?

The fallopian tubes Signup and view all the answers

What primarily controls the process of ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the male reproductive system is coiled and plays a crucial role in sperm maturation?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the glans penis?

Serves as a sensory organ for sexual stimulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical survival time of an unfertilized ovum in the female reproductive system?

24-48 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fimbrae in the female reproductive system?

To pull the ovum into the fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of anegg cell undergoing oogenesis?

One functional egg cell and three polar bodies result. Signup and view all the answers

What components make up semen?

Sperm and secretions from several glands Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the primary ovarian follicles that do not mature?

They undergo atresia and deteriorate Signup and view all the answers

What role does FSH play in spermatogenesis?

It initiates sperm production in the testes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average pH of semen?

7.4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Oogenesis results in one functional egg and polar bodies, while spermatogenesis results in four functional sperm. Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal temperature for sperm production in the testes?

Slightly below body temperature, around 96 degrees Fahrenheit. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the production of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

LH stimulation of interstitial cells in the testes. Signup and view all the answers

How does the secretion of inhibin affect FSH levels?

Inhibin suppresses FSH secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the secondary oocyte during fertilization?

It undergoes the second meiotic division. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the cyclical production of a mature ovum in females?

FSH fluctuations on a 28-day cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproductive Systems

The reproductive systems enable continuation of the human species by producing offspring.
Male and female reproductive systems create gametes (sperm and egg cells) and ensure their union during fertilization.

Meiosis

Meiosis produces gametes.
One cell with a diploid chromosome number (46) divides twice to produce four cells, each with a haploid chromosome number (23).

Spermatogenesis

Occurs in the testes.
Seminiferous tubules contain spermatogonia (sperm-generating cells).
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) initiates sperm production.
Testosterone, stimulated by luteinizing hormone, promotes maturation of sperm.
Inhibin decreases FSH secretion.
For each primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, four functional sperm cells form.
Sperm production begins at puberty and continues throughout life.
Millions of sperm are produced daily.

Oogenesis

Oogenesis is the process of egg cell formation, through meiosis.
This process happens in the ovaries.
It's regulated by hormones.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles which contain oogonium or egg generating cells.
FSH stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen that, in turn, promotes maturation of ovum.
One primary oocyte produces one functional egg, and three polar bodies.
Ovum production starts at puberty and continues until menopause.
A mature ovum is produced roughly every 28 days.

Testes

Located in the scrotum, a sac between the thighs.
Temperature is 96 degrees, slightly lower than body temperature, for sperm production.
During fetal development, testes develop near the kidneys, and descend into the scrotum before birth.
Testes are divided into lobes, each with seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis takes place.

Epididymis

A 20-foot long, coiled tube on the posterior side of each testis.
Sperm mature and gain motility here.
Smooth muscle propels sperm into the ductus deferens.

Ductus Deferens

Also called vas deferens.
Extends from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
The inguinal canal is a weak spot that can be a site of hernia formation.
Inside the abdominal cavity, the ductus deferens travels over and down the urinary bladder to join with the ejaculatory duct.
Smooth muscles in the ductus deferens contract to help expel sperm during ejaculation.

Ejaculatory Ducts

Receive sperm from the ductus deferens and secretions from the seminal vesicle.
Empty into the urethra.

Seminal Vesicles

Located behind the bladder.
Secrete fluid containing fructose, an energy source for sperm, and alkaline properties to enhance sperm motility.
Each duct joins the ductus deferens on the same side forming the ejaculatory duct.

Prostate

Muscular gland below the bladder.
Surrounds the urethra.
Glandular tissue releases an alkaline fluid that maintains sperm motility.
Prostate smooth muscles help with expulsion of semen.

Bulbourethral Glands

Also called Cowper's glands.
Located below the prostate gland and empty into the urethra.
Secrete an alkaline fluid that coats the urethra before ejaculation to neutralize acidic urine.

Urethra-Penis

The urethra is the final duct for semen travel.
It's primarily found within the penis.
The distal end of the penis is called the glans penis.
The penis is covered with skin called the foreskin.

Semen

Semen consists of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.
The pH of semen is about 7.4.
2–4 mL of semen are expelled, with each mL containing around 100 million sperm cells.

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries are paired oval structures, about 1.5 inches long.
They are located on either side of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.
Broad ligaments keep ovaries in position.
Several hundred thousand primary follicles are present at birth; about 300–400 mature.
Each follicle contains an oocyte (a potential egg cell).
Follicle cells secrete estrogen.
A graafian follicle is a mature follicle.
LH triggers ovulation or follicle rupture, releasing the ovum.

Fallopian Tubes

4 inches long.
Lateral end surrounds the ovary.
Fimbriae creates currents in the fluid to pull ovum into the tube.
The medial end opens into the uterus.
Smooth muscles cause peristalsis, moving the ovum.
Ciliated mucosa sweeps the ovum to the uterus.
Fertilization occurs inside the fallopian tubes.
If not fertilized, ovum dies within 24–48 hours and disintegrates.
Fertilized ovum becomes a zygote and travels to the uterus (4–5 days).
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when implantation happens outside of the uterus.

Uterus

3 inches long by 2 inches wide.
Superior to the bladder, between the ovaries in the pelvic cavity.
Broad ligaments cover the uterus.
Composed of fundus, body, and cervix.
Myometrium is the muscular layer, and endometrium is the inner lining divided into functional and basal layers.

Vagina

Muscular tube about 4 inches in length.
Extends from the cervix to the vaginal orifice in the perineum (pelvic floor).
Posterior to the urethra and anterior to the rectum.
Partially covered with the hymen.
Serves as receiving area for sperm.
Exit for menstrual blood flow and the birth canal.

External Genitals

Another name for the vulva.
Include the clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and Bartholin's glands.

Mammary Glands

Produce milk to nourish offspring.
Composed of glandular tissue surrounded by adipose tissue.
Alveolar glands create milk after pregnancy.
Milk travels through lactiferous ducts to the nipple.
The areola is pigmented skin surrounding the nipple.
Estrogen and progesterone prepare glands for milk production.

Menstrual Cycle

A 28-day cycle.
Phases include menstrual, follicular, and luteal.
Amenorrhea can be related to insufficient body fat.

Additional Conditions

Prostatic hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate common in men over 60 years old.
A prostatectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the prostate.
Cancer of the prostate is a common cancer in men over 50

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Description

Explore the intricacies of human reproductive systems, including the processes of meiosis, spermatogenesis, and oogenesis. This quiz examines how male and female gametes are produced and their roles in fertilization and offspring formation. Test your knowledge of these vital biological processes.