Biology Reproductive Systems and Heredity

<p>Mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry gametes away from gonads (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two cells, each with 23 chromosomes of sister chromatids, are formed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosome pairs are aligned randomly along the cell midline. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleavage furrow formation leads to cell division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It separates sister chromatids instead of homologous chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four haploid cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They arise from a single fertilized egg that splits into two embryos. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To connect to centromeres and pull chromosomes apart. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain genetic diversity due to crossing over. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Offspring inherit one chromosome from each pair from both parents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the gonads, producing haploid gametes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametes are haploid, while somatic cells are diploid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four genetically different haploid daughter cells are produced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It combines to restore the diploid chromosome number. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases genetic diversity among gametes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaphase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent assortment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some gametes have an unusual number of chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each daughter cell has 23 duplicated chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diploid cells with 46 chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spermatid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It develops an acrosome cap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four sperm are produced in males, while only one viable oocyte is produced in females. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To aid in sperm mobility by providing energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is shed from the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They remain at the basal lamina as stem cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms outside the uterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withdrawal method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digital rectal exam (DRE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiviral medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent sperm from reaching the uterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of solid nodules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menstruation (A), Corpus luteum regression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It undergoes regression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shedding of the uterine lining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implantation of the pre-embryo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>45 to 55 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menstrual phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Late detection of the disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial removal of the cervix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proliferative phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Function of the corpus luteum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary oocyte is arrested in first meiotic prophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They secrete sex hormones including estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovulation phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is forced to one side of the follicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain the uterine lining (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It finishes meiosis I and becomes a secondary oocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to reduce chromosome number in the oocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Once a month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It breaks down and degenerates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primordial follicles are stimulated to mature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is arrested and not yet fertilized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of spermatids into mature spermatozoa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After forming from primary spermatocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It develops an acrosome cap (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type A daughter cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide energy for tail movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haploid with 23 chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Females produce a single viable gamete, while males produce multiple (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secrete estrogen as the follicle matures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicular phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of the secondary oocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue becomes implanted on external organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secrete progesterone and estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral contraceptives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is arrested in metaphase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Longer reproductive span (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GnRH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal changes associated with aging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases in size as ovulation nears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of one secondary oocyte and one polar body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By leading to blockage of fallopian tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PSA test and digital rectal exam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remains arrested in prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Once a month (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubal ligation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After fertilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiviral medications to lessen severity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surge in LH secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Become the corpus luteum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Withdrawal method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It breaks down within 24 hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menstruation due to shedding of the uterine lining (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicular phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintains the corpus luteum and its hormone production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menstruation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proliferative phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of metastasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased progesterone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decrease significantly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>28 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ovarian cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of new functional layer of the endometrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pap smear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transform spermatids into mature spermatozoa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spermatogonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis I occurs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It develops an acrosome cap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During puberty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sperm are produced throughout a male's adult life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 chromosomes with two sister chromatids each (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones to retard growth or surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhythm method (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased exposure to estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequent urination at night (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To block sperm from leaving the testis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digital rectal exam and PSA test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of LH spike and ovulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic outbreaks of blister formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mammography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menstrual phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mimics LH and sustains corpus luteum function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The permanent cessation of menstruation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvic pain and abdominal swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proliferative phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary oocyte arrested in the first meiotic prophase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menstruation begins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No menstrual cycle for one year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antrum filled with serous fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased progesterone and estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detect cervical cancer early (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is released from the ovary as a secondary oocyte (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regresses and has minimal cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From remnants of a ruptured mature follicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It breaks down in about 24 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A peak in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To secrete estrogen as the follicle matures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Completion of meiosis I and arrest in metaphase II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases in volume with the approach of ovulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prepare the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized oocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They remain in a dormant state until puberty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excreting metabolic wastes and toxins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroperitoneal, between T12 and L5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating red blood cell production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perirenal fat capsule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cortex is light-colored with a granular appearance, while the medulla is darker. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Housing medullary pyramids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entry point for blood vessels and nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To collect urine from major calyces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>85% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain the osmotic balance for urine concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granular cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To supply blood to the glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple squamous epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood plasma minus proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal convoluted tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To drain urine from minor calyces into the ureter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180 L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Juxtamedullary nephrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of forming sex cells (gametes) in humans.

The sex cells (sperm and egg).

A type of cell division that produces haploid cells (gametes).

A type of cell division that produces identical diploid daughter cells.

A cell with one set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes, not pairs).

A cell with two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs).

Chromosomes (X and Y) that determine sex (XX=female, XY=male).

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes and control many human characteristics other than sex.

The phase before meiosis where the DNA in each cell replicates, resulting in two sister chromatids for each chromosome. These sister chromatids are identical copies of the DNA.

Pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that carry genes for the same traits but may have different versions of those genes.

Identical copies of a single replicated chromosome, attached at the centromere.

During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up to form a four-part structure called a tetrad, which contains two sets of sister chromatids.

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I, leading to increased genetic diversity.

During metaphase I, homologous chromosome pairs align randomly at the cell's midline, contributing to genetic diversity in offspring.

The first division of meiosis where homologous chromosome pairs are separated, resulting in two daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

The original germ cell that undergoes meiosis to produce gametes.

Gonads are primary reproductive organs that produce sex hormones and gametes (sex cells).

Female gametes are called secondary oocytes (eggs), and male gametes are called sperm.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces haploid daughter cells (gametes) from a diploid parent cell.

A haploid cell has one set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes, not pairs). A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs).

Autosomes are chromosomes that contain genes coding for cellular functions and most human characteristics.

Sex chromosomes are X and Y chromosomes that determine whether an individual is female (XX) or male (XY).

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, resulting in increased genetic diversity.

Independent assortment is the random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I of meiosis, further contributing to genetic diversity.

The first division of meiosis (Meiosis I), where homologous chromosome pairs separate, reducing the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell by half.

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I, creating unique combinations of genes and increasing genetic diversity.

The second division of meiosis where sister chromatids separate, producing four haploid daughter cells, each with a single set of chromosomes.

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis, leading to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

A condition where an individual has three copies of a particular chromosome, often caused by nondisjunction during meiosis.

A condition where an individual has only one copy of a particular chromosome, often caused by nondisjunction during meiosis.

A genetic disorder caused by trisomy 21, characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and other health issues.

The risk of nondisjunction (and associated conditions like Down syndrome) increases with the mother's age.

A diploid cell that undergoes meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells. These cells are located near the base of the seminiferous tubule.

Haploid cells formed by the first meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte. They are closer to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

Haploid cells formed by the second meiotic division of a secondary spermatocyte. They are located near the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

The final stage of spermatogenesis where a spermatid transforms into a mature sperm cell, undergoing significant morphological changes.

A cap-like structure found at the head of a sperm cell, containing digestive enzymes to help penetrate the secondary oocyte during fertilization.

The region of a sperm cell that connects the head to the tail, containing mitochondria and a centriole.

Female gametogenesis produces only one viable secondary oocyte per cycle, while male gametogenesis yields four sperm cells. Female oocytes are arrested in meiosis before birth, while male spermatogonia start spermatogenesis at puberty. Females can only reproduce until menopause, while males can reproduce throughout their adult lives.

Structures found in the ovary that contain an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells. These cells support the oocyte's development.

The most basic type of ovarian follicle, containing a primary oocyte and a single layer of flattened follicle cells. The primary oocyte is arrested in the first meiotic prophase.

A maturing follicle that develops from a primordial follicle. It contains a primary oocyte surrounded by layers of cuboidal follicular cells called granulosa cells. The granulosa cells secrete estrogen.

A follicle that develops from a primary follicle. It contains a primary oocyte with many layers of granulosa cells, a fluid-filled space called the antrum, and an oocyte forced to one side.

The layer of cells surrounding the primary oocyte in a follicle. They secrete estrogen, which triggers changes in the uterine lining.

A fluid-filled space within a secondary or mature follicle. Its size increases as ovulation nears.

The final stage of follicle development, containing a secondary oocyte surrounded by numerous layers of granulosa cells and a large, fluid-filled antrum. It is ready for ovulation.

The release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle. It occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle and is triggered by a surge in LH.

A temporary endocrine structure formed from the remaining follicle after ovulation. It secretes progesterone and estrogen, preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy.

Diploid germ cells present in the ovary before birth. They undergo mitosis and then initiate meiosis, becoming primary oocytes.

During fetal development, primary oocytes start meiosis but pause in prophase I. This state continues until puberty.

A tiny, nonfunctional cell formed during meiosis I. It has minimal cytoplasm and is a by-product of the primary oocyte division.

The larger cell produced during meiosis I, containing the majority of the cytoplasm. It becomes the mature egg in the vesicular follicle.

The secondary oocyte is arrested in metaphase II until fertilization. If it is not fertilized, it will break down within 24 hours.

A hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH.

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that stimulates follicle growth and development.

A condition where endometrial tissue, normally lining the uterus, grows outside of it, often in the pelvic cavity. This tissue responds to hormones and causes pain and scarring.

Endometriosis can be managed using hormone therapy to reduce the growth of endometrial tissue or through surgical removal of the misplaced tissue.

Abstinence is the only 100% effective way to prevent pregnancy.

Barrier methods, like condoms and diaphragms, physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg by blocking the cervix.

An intrauterine device is a small, flexible device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Copper IUDs are non-hormonal, while hormonal IUDs release progesterone.

Oral contraceptives contain hormones that prevent ovulation by inhibiting the release of LH.

A surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy by cutting and tying off the fallopian tubes.

An outpatient procedure that involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testes.

Many factors can increase breast cancer risk, including family history, prolonged exposure to estrogen, and specific gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2.

An enlargement of the prostate gland that is not cancerous. It often occurs in older men due to hormonal changes.

The phase of the menstrual cycle following ovulation, lasting from days 15 to 28. It's characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterine lining for potential pregnancy.

If the oocyte isn't fertilized, the corpus luteum will regress after 10 to 13 days. This leads to a drop in progesterone and estrogen, causing the shedding of the thickened uterine lining and menstrual bleeding.

The cessation of menstruation due to the natural decline of ovarian function in women. This typically occurs between ages 45 and 55.

Menopause involves a decline in estrogen and progesterone production due to the cessation of ovarian follicles and their maturation. This results in the end of menstrual periods.

A hormone produced by a fertilized egg (pre-embryo) that mimics the effects of LH and sustains the corpus luteum, ensuring continued production of estrogen and progesterone.

The placenta takes over the role of the corpus luteum after three months of pregnancy, producing its own progesterone and estrogen to maintain the pregnancy.

A type of cancer that originates from the cells of the ovary. It can arise from oocytes, connective tissue, or surface epithelium.

Early detection of ovarian cancer is often difficult due to nonspecific symptoms. There's no reliable screening test for ovarian cancer, so it is typically diagnosed in later stages.

A common malignancy of the cervix, often caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Early detection can be achieved through Pap smears.

A screening test where cells are scraped from the cervix to detect abnormal cell growth. This helps identify cervical cancer in its early stages.

The first phase of the uterine cycle, lasting from days 1 to 5. It involves the shedding of the thickened uterine lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding.

The second phase of the uterine cycle, from days 6 to 14. It focuses on rebuilding the functional layer of the endometrium under the influence of estrogen.

The third phase of the uterine cycle, from days 15 to 28. It's characterized by increased progesterone production, nourishing and thickening the uterine lining.

The process of sperm development that occurs within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It begins at puberty and involves multiple cell divisions and transformations.

Primordial germ cells in the testes that are the starting point for sperm development. They are diploid cells located near the base of the seminiferous tubule.

The final stage of spermatogenesis where the spermatid transforms into a mature spermatozoa (sperm). This involves shedding excess cytoplasm, elongating the nucleus, and forming the acrosome and tail.

A condition where endometrial tissue, normally lining the uterus, grows outside of it, often in the pelvic cavity. This tissue responds to hormones and causes pain and scarring.

Barrier methods, like condoms and diaphragms, physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg by blocking the cervix.

An intrauterine device is a small, flexible device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Copper IUDs are non-hormonal, while hormonal IUDs release progesterone.

A surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy by cutting and tying off the fallopian tubes.

An outpatient procedure that involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testes.

Many factors can increase breast cancer risk, including family history, prolonged exposure to estrogen, and specific gene mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2.

An enlargement of the prostate gland that is not cancerous. It often occurs in older men due to hormonal changes.

After three months of pregnancy, the placenta takes over the role of the corpus luteum, producing its own progesterone and estrogen to maintain the pregnancy.

Early detection of ovarian cancer is difficult due to nonspecific symptoms. There's no reliable screening test, often leading to diagnoses in later stages.

Spermatogenesis produces four mature sperm cells from one primordial germ cell, while oogenesis produces only one viable secondary oocyte from one primary oocyte. Spermatogenesis starts at puberty and continues throughout life, whereas oogenesis begins before birth and is completed only upon fertilization.

The testes need optimal temperatures for spermatogenesis, which are cooler than the body's core temperature. This is why they are located outside the body in the scrotum.

Hormones like testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) play crucial roles in regulating each stage of spermatogenesis, ensuring normal sperm production.

The tail is a flagellum that provides the energy and propulsion for the sperm cell to move towards the egg during fertilization.

Methods used to prevent pregnancy.

The placenta takes over the role of the corpus luteum after three months of pregnancy, producing its own progesterone and estrogen to maintain the pregnancy.

If an egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum continues to produce hormones to support the early stages of pregnancy. It degenerates if the egg is not fertilized.

After three months of pregnancy, the placenta takes over the role of the corpus luteum, producing its own progesterone and estrogen to maintain the pregnancy.

A screening test where cells are scraped from the cervix to detect abnormal cell growth, helping to identify cervical cancer in its early stages.

Early detection is difficult due to nonspecific symptoms, and there is no reliable screening test, often leading to diagnoses in later stages.

Kidneys regulate water volume, ion concentrations, acid-base balance, and excrete metabolic wastes, toxins, and drugs.

The urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Kidneys are located in the superior lumbar region, between T12 and L5, with the right kidney lower due to the liver.

Kidneys have three layers: renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, and fibrous capsule.

The kidney has three distinct regions: cortex, medulla, and pelvis.

The most superficial region of the kidney, containing nephrons and blood vessels, responsible for filtering blood.

The deeper region of the kidney, composed of pyramids where urine is collected before flowing to the pelvis.

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

A funnel-shaped tube that collects urine from the major calyces and connects to the ureter.

Cup-shaped structures within the kidney that receive urine from minor calyces and empty into the renal pelvis.

Small, cup-shaped structures that collect urine directly from the renal papillae.

The pathway urine takes through the kidney: papillae -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter.

Kidneys have a rich blood supply because they cleanse blood and regulate its composition.

The main artery that supplies blood to the kidney, branching from the abdominal aorta.

The vessel that carries blood into the glomerulus, starting the filtration process.

The vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus after filtration.

A network of capillaries within the renal corpuscle where filtration occurs.

A cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus, composed of two layers.

Specialized cells in the glomerular capsule that wrap around capillaries, filtering out waste.

The first part of the renal tubule where most reabsorption occurs.

A U-shaped portion of the renal tubule where water and salt are further reabsorbed.

The final part of the renal tubule where secretion takes place.

A tube that receives filtrate from multiple nephrons and carries urine to the renal pelvis.