Biology Quiz: Reproduction of Organisms

Study Notes

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Intended learning outcome: Describe different ways representative animals reproduce
Reproduction is how living things produce offspring (babies)
Two main reproductive methods: Sexual and asexual

Requires only one parent
Offspring are an exact copy of the parent
Examples: potatoes, jellyfish, cactus, starfish, sea anemone, strawberries, corals, bacteria
Types:
- Fission: Splitting of a single-celled organism into two or more daughter cells
- Budding: Outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to separation into two individuals
- Fragmentation: Breaking of an individual into parts, followed by regeneration of each part into a separate individual
- Parthenogenesis: Egg develops into a complete individual without fertilization

Higher forms of animals reproduce through sex cells (gametes) from two parents
Examples: avocados, apples, roses, crickets, birds, fish, foxes, frogs, elephants

External fertilization:
- Mostly in aquatic environments
- Male and female release gametes into surroundings (usually water)
Internal fertilization:
- Animals specialize in developing and protecting the egg
- Offspring may be encased in an egg at birth or hatch before birth
- Types:
  - Oviparity: Fertilized eggs laid outside, nourished by yolk
  - Ovoviviparity: Fertilized eggs retained in female's body, nourished by yolk before hatching
  - Viviparity: Offspring are born directly, receiving nutrition from the mother (seen in mammals)