Biology Quiz: Protein Classification & ANS

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Questions and Answers

What happens to a cell when its surface area to volume ratio becomes too small?

The cell can maintain its nutrient and waste exchange efficiently.

The cell remains the same size and functions normally.

The cell begins to absorb more nutrients than it can handle.

The cell triggers signals to enter the cell cycle and prepare for division. (correct)

Which of the following correctly describes crenation in cells?

It is the result of a hypertonic solution causing cells to lose water. (correct)

It refers to cells gaining water due to high osmotic pressure.

It occurs in a hypotonic solution, causing the cell to swell.

It happens when the cell goes through apoptosis.

What is the primary role of osteoclasts in bone growth?

Secrete osteoid and promote deposition.

Increase resorption of bone tissue. (correct)

Provide structural support to the bone.

Regulate the levels of calcium in the bloodstream.

Which type of joint classification does not include synovial properties?

Suture Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for dynamic equilibrium in the inner ear?

Semicircular ducts and canals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of axon is associated with preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

Class B axon Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of beta 3 adrenergic receptors?

Located on adipocytes and stimulates lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which category of proteins is classified as filamentous?

Structural proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of myosin in cells?

Support and shape the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized as temporary and often replaced by bone tissue?

Synchondroses Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when a cell swells excessively and may rupture?

Cell lysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tracts is associated with sensory pathways?

Spinothalamic tract Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires ATP?

Primary active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors bind acetylcholine in the nervous system?

Cholinergic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hypertonic solutions in relation to cells?

Cells become spiny due to water loss Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for balance and equilibrium?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What does the central dogma of molecular biology describe?

DNA to RNA to protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which component is typically made of keratin and serves to reinforce cell structures?

Intermediate filaments Signup and view all the answers

What primarily regulates blood calcium levels by increasing deposition in bones?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of appositional bone growth?

Osteoblasts add matrix to the outer surface of the bone. Signup and view all the answers

In which muscle type do groups of muscle fibers contract as a single unit?

Single-unit smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the organ of Corti in the inner ear?

Transmitting sound vibrations Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the gray matter in the central nervous system?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the relaxation phase of skeletal muscle contraction?

Calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the breakdown of bone matrix and the release of minerals into the bloodstream?

Resorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

Secrete osteoid Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for auditory reflexes?

Inferior colliculi Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback mechanism increases the intensity of a process until a specific outcome is achieved?

Positive feedback Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, glucose is converted into what product?

Pyruvic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of muscles does NOT exhibit multi-unit contraction?

Single-unit smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the growth plate chondrocytes to facilitate bone growth?

Growth hormone Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Protein Classification

Shape: Globular proteins have a spherical shape, while filamentous proteins have a lengthy, thread-like structure.
Function: Proteins can be categorized by their function within the TRICCS model (Transport, Regulatory, Immunological, Contractile, Catalytic, Structural).

Membrane Protein Location

Integral: Embedded within the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
Peripheral: Associated with the surface of the membrane, not embedded.

Plasma Membrane Protein Functions

CCREAM: A mnemonic for the functions of plasma membrane proteins (Carriers, Channels, Receptors, Enzymes, Adhesion proteins, Markers).

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Preganglionic neurons: Motor neurons outside the CNS that synapse with postganglionic neurons. Utilize class B axons.
Postganglionic neurons: Transmit impulses along class C axons.
Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (ACh) is released by parasympathetic neurons, while norepinephrine (NE) is the "fight or flight" neurotransmitter,
Cholinergic receptors: Bind to ACh. Nicotinic receptors are found on all postganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic), adrenal medulla, and skeletal muscle cells. Muscarinic receptors are on muscles and glands stimulated by the parasympathetic division plus some sweat glands and blood vessels.
Adrenergic receptors: Bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline). Alpha receptors (Alpha 1 and Alpha 2) are on most cells, except cardiac muscle. Alpha 1 receptors lead to excitation. Alpha 2 receptors lead to inhibition. Beta receptors are on cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle, in the liver, kidney and adipose tissue. Beta 1 receptors lead to cardiac excitation, Beta 2 receptors lead to smooth muscle inhibition of the heart and skeletal muscle blood vessels, Beta 3 receptors lead to lipolysis excitation of adipocytes.

Integumentary System (Chapter 8)

Statement is false, students are to identify the false statements surrounding the integumentary system

Motor Molecules (Chapter 4)

Myosin: Crawls on microfilaments, composed of G actin monomers. Functions include support, transport, cell crawling, and cell division.
Kinesin and Dynein: Crawl on microtubules, composed of tubulin subunits. Functions include organelle distribution, large cell projection movement, and chromosome separation.
Intermediate filaments: Typically have no motor molecules, primarily keratin protein. Reinforce junctions, prevent cell separation, and are in hair and nails.

Joints (Chapter 12)

Synchondroses: Temporary joints often replaced by bone (e.g., epiphyseal plate).
Syndesmoses: Fibrous joints with collagen fibers holding bones parallel (e.g., tibiofibular ligament)
Sutures: Fibrous skull joints of short collagen fibers.
Synostoses: Fused joints (bony joints).

Central Dogma (Chapter 5)

Transcription: DNA → RNA, the first step.
Translation: RNA → protein, the last step, involving 40s/60s (eukaryotic) or 50s/30s (prokaryotic) ribosomes.

Brain Parts and Functions (Chapter 17)

Primary motor cortex: Precentral gyrus.
Balance and equilibrium: Cerebellum.
Light perception: Occipital lobe.
Sound perception: Temporal lobe.

Osmosis (Chapter 6)

Osmotic pressure: The tendency for a solution to gain water.
Hydrostatic pressure: Pressure due to water volume or gravity.
Isotonic: Solution with the same solute concentration as the cell's cytosol.
Hypertonic: Solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, leading to water loss (crenation).
Hypotonic: Solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, leading to water gain and cell lysis.

Spinal Cord and Tracts (Chapter 17)

Ascending tracts (sensory): Fasciculus, Spinothalamic, Spinocerebellar.
Descending tracts (motor): Corticobulbar, Cortiospinal, Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal, Reticulospinal, Rubrospinal.

Membrane Transport (Chapter 6)

Passive transport: Movement without energy, down the concentration gradient.
Active transport: Movement against the concentration gradient, requiring energy.
- Primary active transport: Uses ATP to change carrier protein shape.
- Secondary active transport: Uses one substance's movement down a gradient to move another against its gradient.
Major ion gradients (higher inside vs outside): Potassium (K+), inside; Sodium (Na+), Calcium (Ca2+), Chloride (Cl-), outside.

Bone Growth (Chapter 9)

Longitudinal bone growth: Occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
Appositional bone growth: Occurs when osteoblasts add matrix faster than osteoclasts remove it, increasing bone width.
Bone deposition: Forming new bone tissue
- Requires: Osteoid forming cells, osteoid secretion, calcium salt precipitation.
- Steps: Osteoblast development, osteoid secretion, osteoid calcification.
Bone resorption: Breaking down bone tissue
- Requires: Osteoclast development, acid/enzyme secretion, resorption pit creation.
- Steps: Osteoclast development, acid/enzyme secretion, resorption pit (Howship's lacunae) formation.

Smooth Muscle (Chapter 14)

Single unit (visceral): Muscle fibers contract together as a unit.
Multi-unit: Muscle fibers lie next to a motor neuron varicosity or terminal.
Differences in function: visceral organs vs eyeball movement; precise vs gross movements.

Decussation (Chapter 17)

Axons cross over in the medulla oblongata, allowing each brain side to control the opposite body side.
Gray matter (CNS): Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, nuclei, dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns.
White matter (CNS): Corpus callosum, internal capsule, association fibers, projection fibers, dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns.
Gray matter (PNS): Dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia.
White matter (PNS): Peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nerves.
Reflexes: Flinching, auditory (inferior colliculi), visual (superior colliculi).

Chapter 3 (False Statement Identification)

Enzymes and substrates, identification of false statements regarding enzyme function.

Feedback (Chapter 1)

Positive feedback: Self-amplifying cycle (e.g., childbirth, forest fires).
Negative Feedback: A counter-reaction.

Skeletal Muscle Energy (Chapter 14)

Glycolysis: Anaerobic glucose breakdown to pyruvic acid/lactic acid, providing ATP.
Aerobic respiration: Final stage of glucose breakdown, requires oxygen, using lipids at rest, and glucose during exercise. This is the slowest way to convert ADP to ATP.

Eye Parts (Chapter 20)

Rods: Rhodopsin, scotopsin (vision in dim light)
Cones: Iodopsin, photopsins (color vision).
Lens accommodation: Closer = Rounder lens, contracted ciliary muscle; farther = flatter lens, relaxed ciliary muscle (beyond 20 feet).

Various Other Topic-Specific Notes (Chapters 2, 3, 4-20)

A range of specific topics are covered. A number of false statement identifications and components of a number of bodily systems are described

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Test your knowledge on the classification of proteins, their shapes, functions within the TRICCS model, and the roles of membrane proteins. Additionally, explore the autonomic nervous system, focusing on neuron types and neurotransmitters. Perfect for biology enthusiasts and students!