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Questions and Answers
What do plants release during respiration that is used in photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide
What is a major dietary cause of kidney stones?
Taking more calcium oxalate in food
What type of neuron transmits impulses away from the central nervous system?
Motor neuron
What type of feedback mechanism is involved when insulin secretion stops after normalizing blood glucose levels?
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What do the pectoral and pelvic girdles assist in?
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What epidemic does the national AIDS control programme in Pakistan aim to control?
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Through what method do colocasia and garlic primarily reproduce?
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Which physical trait is an example of discontinuous variation?
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What is one cause of bronchitis?
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What are the three parts of the renal tubule in the nephron?
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How does the skin serve as a thermostatic organ in cold conditions?
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What are the two types of coordination in living organisms?
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What distinguishes nervous coordination from chemical coordination?
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What is one function of the seed coat?
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What is the composition of chromatin material in eukaryotes?
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Differentiate between mutualism and commensalism with examples.
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Study Notes
Respiration in Plants
- Plants release carbon dioxide during respiration, which is then utilized during photosynthesis.
Kidney Stones
- The primary cause of kidney stones is the consumption of an excessive amount of calcium oxalate-containing food.
Neuron Types
- Motor neurons transmit impulses from the central nervous system to effectors.
Feedback Mechanisms
- When the pancreas stops secreting insulin after blood glucose levels return to normal, this represents negative feedback.
Pectoral and Pelvic Girdle Functions
- The pectoral and pelvic girdles facilitate movement.
National AIDS Control Program
- Pakistan's national AIDS control program focuses on mitigating the HIV epidemic.
Reproduction in Plants
- Colocasia and garlic reproduce through rhizomes.
Discontinuous Variation
- An example of discontinuous variation is ear lobe shape.
Soil Composition and Plant Growth
- Grasses often dominate areas with dry, sandy soil.
Air Pollution
- Oxides of nitrogen and particulates are major contributors to air pollution.
Continuous Fermentation
- In continuous fermentation, microbes maintain exponential growth in the fermenter over prolonged periods.
Drug Sources
- Fish liver oil is a drug sourced from animals.
Causes of Respiratory Diseases
- Bronchitis: Caused by irritation and inflammation of the bronchi.
- Emphysema: Caused by damage to the air sacs in the lungs.
- Asthma: Triggered by inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
- Lung cancer: Caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs.
Renal Tubule Location and Parts
- The renal tubule is part of the nephron, located in the kidney.
- Its three parts are:
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
Skin as a Thermostatic Organ
- Skin plays a role in thermoregulation, particularly in cold conditions:
- Blood vessels in the skin constrict, reducing blood flow to the surface and minimizing heat loss.
- Hair stands on end, trapping a layer of warm air close to the body.
Coordination in Living Organisms
- Nervous coordination: Rapid, short-lived responses mediated by nerve impulses.
- Chemical coordination: Slower, long-lasting responses using hormones.
Comparing Nervous and Chemical Coordination
- Mode of coordination: Nervous - electrical signals and chemical neurotransmitters, Chemical - hormones
- Coordinators: Nervous - brain and spinal cord, Chemical - endocrine glands
- Effectors: Nervous - muscles and glands, Chemical - target cells
- Carrier of message: Nervous - nerve cells, Chemical - blood
Hinge Joints
- Hinge joints allow movement in one plane, like a door hinge.
- Location: Elbow, knee, fingers, and toes.
Seed Part Functions
- Seed coat: Protects the seed from damage and dehydration.
- Hilum: Scar where the seed was attached to the ovary wall.
- Plumule: The embryonic shoot, which develops into the stem and leaves.
- Micropyle: A small opening through which the pollen tube enters during fertilization.
Chromatin Material
- The chromatin material in eukaryotes is composed of DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins.
Mutualism and Commensalism
- Mutualism: A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Example: Bees pollinating flowers.
- Commensalism: A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Example: Barnacles attaching to whales.
Biotechnology
- Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms or their products for human benefit.
- Its importance includes:
- Production of medicines like insulin.
- Development of genetically modified crops.
- Bioremediation to clean up pollutants.
Drug Addiction Symptoms
- Drug addiction is characterized by behavioral symptoms such as:
- Craving for the drug.
- Withdrawal symptoms when not using.
- Neglecting responsibilities due to drug use.
- Tolerance, requiring more of the drug to achieve the desired effect.
Abul-Qasim and Al-Farabi's Contributions
- Abul-Qasim: pioneered the method of removing stones from the urinary bladder.
- Al-Farabi: further developed and refined the method introduced by Abul-Qasim.
Hormone Definition and Synthesis
- Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate various physiological processes.
- They are synthesized in specialized cells within endocrine glands.
Bone and Cartilage Differences
- Bone: Structure: Hard and rigid due to calcium salts. Function: Support, protection, and movement.
- Cartilage: Structure: Flexible and elastic due to chondrin protein. Function: Provides flexibility, cushioning, and reduces friction in joints.
Environmental Conditions for Seed Germination
- Moisture: Water is essential for hydration and metabolic processes.
- Temperature: Each species has an optimal temperature range for germination.
- Oxygen: Required for respiration to provide energy for growth.
Japanese Four O'Clock Plant Cross
- F1 generation: All offspring will have red flowers (Rr) because red is dominant over white.
- F2 generation: The offspring will have a phenotypic ratio of 3 red flowers to 1 white flower (RR, Rr, Rr, rr), showing a Mendelian inheritance pattern.
Trophic Level Pyramid
- A pyramid diagram illustrates the number of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. Typically, the base is wide, representing producers, and it narrows towards the top, depicting decreasing numbers of consumers.
Uses of Single-Cell Protein
- Single-cell protein (SCP) has significant uses:
- Food supplement: Provides protein and vitamins.
- Feed for animals: Enhances animal growth and nutrition.
- Industrial applications: Production of enzymes and pharmaceuticals.
- Waste management: Degrades organic waste.
Hallucinogens
- Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and thought processes, often inducing hallucinations.
- An example of a hallucinogen is LSD.
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Description
This quiz covers various topics in biology, including respiration in plants, kidney stones, neuron types, and feedback mechanisms. It also touches on the structure and function of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, national health programs, and plant reproduction methods. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts!
