Plant Physiology and Human Anatomy Quiz

Photosynthesis
- Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
- Occurs mainly in chloroplasts; involves chlorophyll pigment.
- Two stages: Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions).
Transpiration
- Loss of water vapor from plant surfaces, mainly leaves.
- Aids in nutrient transport and temperature regulation.
- Influenced by environmental factors like humidity and temperature.
Mineral Nutrition
- Essential nutrients: macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn).
- Nutrient uptake occurs through roots; can be affected by soil pH and composition.

Organ Systems
- Major systems: circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and musculoskeletal.
Circulatory System
- Comprises heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Functions: transport of nutrients, gases, and waste.
Respiratory System
- Involves lungs and air passages.
- Gas exchange occurs in alveoli; oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide expulsion.
Digestive System
- Includes organs like stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
- Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption.

Natural Selection
- Mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin.
- Survival of the fittest; organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
Speciation
- Process by which new species arise.
- Can occur through mechanisms such as geographic isolation and reproductive isolation.
Fossil Record
- Provides evidence of the history of life and evolutionary changes over time.
- Demonstrates transitional forms and extinct species.

Mendelian Genetics
- Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance: Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment.
- Traits are determined by alleles; dominant and recessive alleles influence phenotype.
DNA Structure
- Double helix composed of nucleotides (A, T, C, G).
- Carries genetic information; replication occurs before cell division.
Genetic Mutations
- Changes in DNA sequence; can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful.
- Types: point mutations, insertions, deletions.

Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life.
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: houses DNA and controls cell activities.
- Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes); involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.
Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins; involved in cell signaling and transport mechanisms.

Photosynthesis: Converts light energy into chemical energy; mainly occurs in chloroplasts where chlorophyll captures light.
- Comprises two stages: Light-dependent reactions capture energy; Calvin cycle uses that energy to synthesize glucose.
Transpiration: Loss of water vapor from plant surfaces, primarily through leaves.
- Plays a key role in nutrient transport and temperature regulation within the plant.
- Influenced by environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, and wind.
Mineral Nutrition: Plants require essential nutrients for growth.
- Macronutrients include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); micronutrients include iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn).
- Nutrient uptake occurs through the roots and can be affected by soil pH and composition.

Organ Systems: Comprises major systems essential for body functioning, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems.
Circulatory System: Made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood; essential for transporting nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.
Respiratory System: Includes lungs and air passages; facilitates gas exchange.
- Occurs in alveoli where oxygen is absorbed, and carbon dioxide is expelled.
Digestive System: Composed of organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
- Responsible for breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.

Natural Selection: A fundamental mechanism of evolution identified by Charles Darwin.
- Describes the process where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Speciation: The process through which new species arise, often due to factors like geographic isolation or reproductive isolation.
Fossil Record: Provides crucial evidence of life's history and evolutionary changes.
- Shows transitional forms and extinct species, demonstrating the complexity of evolutionary processes over time.

Mendelian Genetics: Based on Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance, including the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment.
- Traits are influenced by alleles, which can be dominant or recessive, affecting an organism's phenotype.
DNA Structure: DNA is a double helix formed by nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
- Carries genetic information essential for growth and reproduction; replication must happen before cell division.
Genetic Mutations: Alterations in the DNA sequence that can result in changes in traits.
- Can be classified as beneficial, neutral, or harmful; types include point mutations, insertions, and deletions.

Cell Theory: Asserts that all living organisms are composed of cells and that the cell is the basic unit of life.
Cell Organelles: Each organelle has a specific function that contributes to cellular activities.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, regulating cell activities.
- Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell; important for ATP production.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Comprises rough (with ribosomes) for protein synthesis and smooth (without ribosomes) for lipid synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transportation or secretion.
Cell Membrane: A semi-permeable structure that regulates substance movement in and out of the cell.
- Made of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins; essential for cell signaling and transport processes.