Biology Basics and Human Physiology Quiz

Biology Overview

Cell Structure and Function are fundamental aspects of biology, where cells serve as the building blocks of life. Each type of cell performs specialized roles, including nutrient absorption through membranes, energy generation in mitochondria, and waste removal via organelles called lysosomes.

Biomolecules form the basis of cellular activity, consisting mainly of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and water. These molecules interact to maintain homeostasis, growth, and reproduction. Proteins remain the central players, catalyzing reactions, forming structures, and serving as messengers. Carbohydrates store and transport energy, while lipids enclose cells and function as insulators. Nucleic acids carry genetic instructions, and water serves as a medium for all chemical processes.

Human physiology encompasses how humans grow, develop, and respond to internal and external stimuli. Major systems include the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels), respiratory system (lungs and airways), muscular skeletal system (muscles and bones), endocrine system (hormones), nervous system (brain and nerves), immune system (defense against disease), digestive system (food processing), excretory system (body waste elimination), reproductive system (sexual reproduction), and integumentary system (skin).

Plant physiology examines plant responses to environmental factors, such as phototropism (plant growth towards light), geotropism (growth away from gravity), hydrotrophy (growth toward moisture), and thigmotropism (growth influenced by touch). Plants also exhibit circadian rhythms (internal clocks) controlling flower opening and closing times, seed germination, and leaf movements. Additionally, plants carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into oxygen and glucose.

Each chapter highlights distinct perspectives within biology, providing insights into diverse components of life and interconnectedness across disciplines.