Biology Quiz on Muscle Metabolism

The presentation covers urinalysis, renal function tests, and renal disorders, including urinary calculi.
A specialist in Medical Laboratory sciences delivered the presentation.

Hemosiderin appears as free granules or inclusions within casts.
Hemolytic events (e.g., incompatible transfusion, sickle-cell anemia), and DIC can cause this.

These are renal tubular epithelial cells with fatty degeneration or absorbed lipids in the filtrate.
They exhibit a Maltese cross formation under polarized light.
Cholesterol esters polarize light.
Triglycerides and neutral fats do not stain with Sudan III or oil red O stain.

Fat is not detected by chemical tests in this condition due to fatty degeneration of tubules.
Possible causes include chronic glomerulomephritis, diabetes mellitus, eclampsia, lipid nephrosis, nephrotic syndrome, toxic renal poisoning, extensive injuries, or fractures of long bones.
Polarized anisotropic fat droplets are a characteristic microscopic finding.

Bacteria usually aren't present in urine, but can be from contamination (urethra, vagina, external).
A fresh, properly collected specimen with bacteria usually indicates a urinary tract infection (UTI), especially if white blood cells (WBCs) are also present.
Bacteria are reported semi-quantitatively (e.g., trace, 1+, 2+).
WBCs may be a better indicator of infection than nitrite.

Yeast sediment is smooth and colorless and may appear budding.
It can sometimes be mistaken for red blood cells (RBCs).
Candida albicans is the most common type.
Yeast is reported semi-quantitatively (e.g., trace, 1+, 2+).
Diabetics and immunocompromised patients are more prone to yeast in their urine.

This parasite is a type of protozoa, typically found in vaginal discharge but potentially present in urine.

This is a parasitic roundworm commonly found in the intestines but can sometimes appear in urine.

This parasitic trematode, commonly found in the urinary tract, can lead to urinary tract disorders.

Oval-shaped heads with long tails are characteristic of this normal component in urine.

Advantages: Saves time and allows for procedure standardization
Disadvantages: Some significant findings (e.g. trichomonas) might be missed in automated analysis.
Automated and semi-automated instruments are used in urine analysis.

Phenosulfanaphthalein Test (PSP Dye Excretion): Used to assess kidney functioning.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)/Clearance Tests: Measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli, indicating nephron damage.
Creatinine: Most common test measuring a byproduct of muscle metabolism in urine. Normal values (NV) are 88-137 mL/min (average 100mL/min); calculated using Ucr (urine creatinine), Pcr (plasma creatinine), 24-hour volume, and body surface area (BSA).
Creatinine Clearance Test: A specific calculation to find the creatinine clearance in mL/min.

Crystalline materials (e.g. calcium oxalate, phosphate, magnesium, ammonium, apatite, uric acid, cystine) embedded in mucous and protein are the usual components of kidney stones.
The prevalence of calcium oxalate in kidney stones is approximately 75%.
Various treatments like lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy exist for kidney stones.

Pyelonephritis: This is an infection of the upper urinary tract, which, if chronic, can lead to lasting damage.
Nephrotic syndrome: A disorder causing increased glomerulus permeability leads to excessive protein loss in the urine. Characteristic findings include large amounts of protein in the urine, various types of casts, possible oval fat bodies, and free fats.