Biology Quiz on Hormones and Cellular Processes

Small endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys, producing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. They regulate stress response, blood pressure, metabolism, and immune function.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland producing hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. It's crucial for regulating blood pressure, metabolism, and stress response.

The inner part of the adrenal gland producing catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline. It triggers your body's 'fight-or-flight' response.

A common protein structure forming a right-handed helix. It's stabilized by hydrogen bonds within the helix, contributing to protein stability and function.

Another common protein structure forming a pleated sheet. It's stabilized by hydrogen bonds between adjacent strands, contributing to protein stability and function.

The process of generating ATP, the primary energy carrier for all living organisms. It occurs mainly through cellular respiration and photosynthesis, supplying energy for essential life processes.

Constant changes in the level of sugar in the bloodstream due to factors like diet, exercise, and hormone secretion. Maintaining stable levels is important for health and energy balance.

The physical organization of the brain, including neurons, synapses, and neural pathways. It's divided into regions responsible for various functions like motor control, memory, and emotions.

The outermost layer of the brain responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like thinking, memory, and language.

The part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, regulating essential life functions like breathing, heart rate, and sleep.

The ability of the brain to change and adapt its structure and function in response to experiences, learning, and injury.

A metabolic pathway that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants.

Organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that serve as a primary energy source for the body.

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP.

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

The part of the nervous system that includes all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

The process of removing an amino group (-NH2) from an amino acid molecule.

A type of chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

A type of chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Plants that fix CO2 directly using the enzyme rubisco.

Plants that have a two-step process for CO2 fixation, first using PEP carboxylase and then rubisco.

Plants that open their stomata at night to fix CO2 and use it for photosynthesis during the day.

A chemical process where a water molecule is removed from two reacting molecules to form a new molecule.

A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin.

The arrangement of DNA molecules in cells, where DNA is condensed into chromosomes and packaged tightly within the nucleus.

The process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself, occurring during the S phase of the cell cycle.

The process where something, usually a cell or organism, increases in length.

The process in protein synthesis where amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain.

A system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.

A cellular process where substances are brought inside a cell via vesicles pinching inwards from the cell membrane.

The processes by which living organisms acquire, transform, and utilize energy to sustain life.

Biological molecules that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions in living organisms.

Cells that have a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Cells that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

The process by which waste products and toxins are eliminated from the body.

The process where the urea produced from deamination is transported to the kidneys to be excreted in the urine.

The process by which the body eliminates waste products and excess water.

The main organs of the excretory system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

The kidneys filter blood and produce urine, which is then transported to the bladder.

The ureters are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder.

The bladder stores urine until it is excreted from the body through the urethra.

The process of cells releasing waste products or secreting substances enclosed in vesicles.

A type of nutrient that provides energy and aids in vitamin absorption. Found in animal products, plants, and fish. Classified into saturated, unsaturated, and trans.

The process of separating solid particles or impurities from a fluid.

The process of forming urine involves filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion in the nephrons of the kidneys.

A genetic alteration where nucleotides are added or deleted not in multiples of three, disrupting gene reading.

Specific clusters of atoms attached to a molecule, determining its chemistry and reactions.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

The control and coordination of body processes using chemical messengers called hormones.

Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining internal balance by regulating various physiological processes.

A chemical reaction where water breaks down a compound into two smaller molecules.

A region in the brain that controls vital bodily functions like body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles.

The initial step in a biological process, where a signal triggers a chain reaction of events.

A tiny filtering unit in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste from blood, ultimately producing urine.

Hormones that can easily pass through cell membranes due to their structure, binding to receptors inside cells to activate gene expression.

A large complex molecule made up of smaller units, like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, found in living organisms.

The voltage difference across a cell membrane, caused by an uneven distribution of ions, essential for cellular processes like nerve conduction.

A monthly cycle in females where the uterus prepares for pregnancy, with hormonal changes and shedding of the uterine lining.

The study of how genetic information is stored, transferred, and expressed at a molecular level, focusing on DNA, RNA, and their processes.

A model that explains the structure of the cell membrane as a mosaic of proteins and lipids, dynamically arranged within a fluid environment.

Changes in the DNA sequence of a gene, potentially leading to genetic disorders or diseases.

The process of filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, regulating acid-base balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte levels.

The vital organ responsible for functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and bile production.

The process of the virus attaching to a host cell receptor, allowing entry and replication.

The binding of the small ribosomal subunit to the mRNA molecule, starting the process of protein synthesis.

The unwinding of the DNA double helix and the synthesis of an RNA primer, marking the start of DNA replication.

The process of regulating the concentration of water and solutes within an organism's body.

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland that controls water reabsorption in the kidneys.

The breakdown of glucose to produce ATP using oxygen.

The process of generating ATP without oxygen. It involves glycolysis and the regeneration of NAD+.

Small, pea-sized glands located in the neck, producing parathyroid hormone (PTH).

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood.

A technique used to amplify specific segments of DNA for analysis.

A technique used to separate DNA fragments by size to visualize DNA bands.

The part of the PNS that controls voluntary movements.

The part of the PNS that controls involuntary functions.

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the basis of all cell membranes.

A class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

A process that occurs in plants when RuBisCO enzyme binds to oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.

The process by which green plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Changes in the DNA sequence that can occur spontaneously or due to environmental factors.

Genes responsible for promoting cell growth and division. When mutated, they can drive uncontrolled growth leading to cancer.

Genes that normally suppress or control cell growth. When mutated, they lose their ability to stop abnormal growth, leading to cancer development.

A process where the response to a change is amplified, further intensifying the change. Think of it like a snowball rolling downhill.

A process where the response to a change counteracts the original change, bringing the system back to equilibrium, like a thermostat.

Tiny filtering units in the kidneys responsible for cleaning blood, regulating fluid and electrolytes, and maintaining blood pressure.

The first stage in the nephron, where blood is filtered into the nephron, removing waste products and excess fluids.

The process in the nephron where essential nutrients and water are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, while waste products are secreted into the filtrate.

The complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals throughout the body, controlling and coordinating all functions.

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord, like the central command center.

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, carrying signals to and from organs and tissues.

The process of communication between neurons using electrical signals (action potentials) and chemical messengers (neurotransmitters).

Specialized junctions between neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received, allowing for communication.

The transmission of electrical impulses along nerve cells, enabling communication and coordination within the nervous system.

Waste products containing nitrogen that are produced by the body as a result of metabolism. They need to be eliminated to prevent toxicity.

Large molecules that store and transmit genetic information in cells, consisting of DNA and RNA.

A process involving a specific sequence of steps that converts DNA into RNA using RNA polymerase. This crucial step is essential for protein synthesis.

The process that takes place in the ribosomes, where mRNA is used to create a protein sequence. This process requires tRNA to deliver amino acids according to the mRNA code

A type of fat stored in body tissues and transported in the bloodstream, serving as an energy source. High levels can contribute to heart disease.

A butterfly-shaped gland in the neck responsible for producing hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which control metabolism, growth, and development.

Hormones that dissolve in water and easily travel through the bloodstream to activate target cells. They typically trigger rapid responses but have a short duration of action.

A brief electrical signal that travels down the membrane of a neuron or muscle cell. This signal is crucial for transmitting information within the nervous system.

The specific region on an enzyme where a substrate molecule binds and undergoes a chemical reaction. This site is highly specific and allows only complementary substrates to bind.

A nucleotide base found in DNA and RNA that pairs with thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA. This is one of the four building blocks of DNA and RNA and plays a key role in genetic information.

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys, effectively controlling fluid balance and blood osmolarity.

A type of secondary protein structure that has a tightly packed, twisted ribbon shape. It contributes to the stability and function of proteins.

The organ system responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine, which helps filter waste products and maintain homeostasis in the body. It plays a crucial role in blood filtration, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production.

The process where the genetic code carried by mRNA is read in codons and used to synthesize a protein. This process occurs in the ribosomes and involves tRNA molecules carrying amino acids.

The enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA during transcription, allowing access to the genetic code for RNA polymerase to create a complementary RNA strand.

The process of creating a protein from an mRNA sequence. This central process occurs in the ribosomes with the help of tRNA molecules, bringing the required amino acids.

A single nucleotide base change, insertion, or deletion within a DNA sequence. This change can alter protein synthesis, leading to different amino acids.

The process by which substances filtered from the blood by the kidneys are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific recognition sequences, used in genetic engineering and DNA analysis.

A model that suggests a cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded within, providing structure and functionality to the membrane.

The specific molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme, where the chemical reaction occurs.

The process of generating ATP (energy currency) through the direct transfer of a phosphate group, occurring in the cytoplasm during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

A process in the mitochondria, generating ATP through the electron transport chain and ATP synthase, requiring oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response, increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and suppressing digestion.

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that promotes "rest-and-digest" activities, slowing heart rate, constricting airways, and enhancing digestion.

The completion or end of a specific process or event in biological systems.

Large, complex molecules essential for life, composed of amino acid chains, playing crucial roles in various cellular processes.

Water's unique properties like being a universal solvent, having a high heat capacity, and its cohesive and adhesive nature, making it essential for life.

The anterior pituitary releases hormones controlling various bodily functions, while the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Alpha sheets are secondary protein structures formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in a polypeptide chain. They create a flat, pleated, sheet-like structure that contributes significantly to protein stability and shape. They can be found in various proteins throughout the body, playing a crucial role in maintaining their overall structure and function.

ATP is a molecule that serves as the primary energy currency for all cellular processes in living organisms. It stores and transfers energy within cells, powering activities like muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and various metabolic reactions.

Beta sheets are a common secondary protein structure formed by hydrogen bonding between adjacent polypeptide strands. These strands run either parallel (same direction) or antiparallel (opposite directions) to each other, resulting in a flat, pleated sheet-like structure. They contribute significantly to the overall stability and function of proteins, often found in the core of globular proteins.

C3 plants are the most common type of plants. They fix carbon dioxide using the Calvin cycle, with initial carbon fixation occurring in the mesophyll cells. Most crop plants, including rice, wheat, and soybeans, are C3 plants. While efficient in moderate conditions, they are less efficient at high temperatures and have lower water-use efficiency compared to C4 plants.

C4 plants have adapted to efficient carbon dioxide fixation in hot and dry environments. They use a specialized metabolic pathway, requiring two types of photosynthetic cells: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. This allows them to conserve water and thrive in conditions where C3 plants might struggle. Examples include corn, sugarcane, and sorghum.

CAM plants use a unique photosynthetic pathway, called crassulacean acid metabolism, to conserve water in arid environments. They absorb carbon dioxide at night and store it as malic acid for use during the day. This adaptation helps them reduce transpiration during the day, preventing excessive water loss. Examples include succulents like cacti and pineapple.

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start the reaction. It remains unchanged at the end of the reaction and can be reused. Catalysts are essential for many biochemical reactions, speeding up processes and making them more efficient.

The central dogma describes the fundamental flow of genetic information in living organisms. It explains how DNA's genetic code is copied (replication), transcribed into RNA, and then translated into proteins, determining all aspects of an organism's structure and function.

The central nervous system (CNS) serves as the control center for the nervous system. It consists of the brain and spinal cord, integrating and processing information from sensory receptors throughout the body. The brain controls voluntary actions and regulates involuntary processes, while the spinal cord manages reflexes and relays messages between the brain and the body.

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure formed after ovulation. It develops from the ruptured follicle in the ovary and secretes hormones like progesterone. This hormone prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and is replaced by scar tissue.

A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms. The shared electrons create a stable electron configuration for both atoms involved. Covalent bonds are generally stronger than ionic bonds and can be polar or nonpolar, depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms.

Cytosine is one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. It has a single-ringed structure and pairs with Guanine (G) in DNA through three hydrogen bonds.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises all the nerves that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. It transmits signals between the CNS and sensory receptors, muscles, and glands. The PNS is responsible for relaying information from the body to the CNS and vice versa.

The central dogma, a fundamental principle in molecular biology, describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. This process is essential for protein synthesis, which ultimately determines an organism's traits and functions.

One of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, pairing with cytosine. It's a purine base with a double-ring structure essential for DNA's stability and integrity.

The process of removing a water molecule to join two smaller molecules, forming a larger one. It's essential for building biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids.

A molecule containing genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. It's a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides.

A series of protein complexes in mitochondria that generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. They transfer electrons and pump protons.

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate bodily functions and act through the bloodstream.

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. It's the first level of protein structure, determining the protein's overall shape and function.

A type of chemical bond formed through electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It's common between metals and non-metals.

The arrangement of multiple protein subunits into a functional complex. It's the highest level of protein structure.

Proteins are organized into four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Each contributes to the overall function of the protein.

The entirety of chemical processes within a living organism, encompassing both breakdown (catabolism) and building up (anabolism) of substances. It's crucial for energy production, growth, and maintenance.

A self-regulating process that counteracts deviations from a set point, maintaining body stability.

A type of negative feedback where the end product of a process inhibits an earlier step in its production, preventing over-accumulation.

The fundamental functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Specialized cells that transmit electrical signals for communication within the nervous system.

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells, playing a crucial role in communication.

A functioning unit of DNA in prokaryotes, containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, regulating protein synthesis.

A structure within the ovary that contains an immature egg surrounded by supporting cells, maturing and releasing the egg during ovulation.

A metabolic process that uses oxygen and high-energy electrons to produce ATP, the body's primary energy source.

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for promoting rest, relaxation, and digestion, slowing down heart rate and constricting blood vessels.

A molecular technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences, making multiple copies for analysis.

The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, often to increase its energy or change its activity.

A process that increases the effects of a particular condition, intensifying the changes from the original conditions. It is less common in nature than its counterpart, negative feedback.

Stored energy that has the capacity to do work. In living organisms, potential energy is found in chemical bonds and stored in molecules.

Protein hormones are composed of chains of amino acids, activating cell membrane receptors, while steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, directly entering cells to influence gene transcription.

Neurons are composed of a cell body, dendrites for receiving signals, and an axon for sending signals. They communicate via synapses.

In scientific terms, 'Substrate' refers to the specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts upon in a biochemical reaction.

A metabolic process in which ATP is directly synthesized from a high-energy phosphate group transferred from a substrate molecule. It occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A division of the nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight responses and is responsible for the activation of various organs and glands.

One of the four nucleotide bases present in DNA, paired with adenine. It is responsible for encoding genetic information and plays a crucial role in DNA replication and protein synthesis.