Biology Chapter on Cellular Processes and Systems

Cellular Processes and Structures

• Glycogen breakdown in liver cells requires glucagon and epinephrine.
• Crossing over occurs during Prophase 1 of meiosis.
• The Calvin cycle is essential for forming sugar from carbon dioxide.
• Flagella are tail-like projections used by cells for locomotion.
• The lumbar region refers to the lowest part of the spinal cord.
• The phalynx is a type of bone.
• The dermis is classified as an organ.

Nervous and Circulatory System Components

• Upper motor neurons originate in the motor area of the cerebral hemispheres.
• Pressoreceptors and chemoreceptors are located in the carotid body.
• Baroreceptors are situated in the aorta.
• The pulmonary vein is responsible for transporting blood from the lungs to the heart.
• Pulmonary refers to the lungs.
• Venous relates to the circulation system.

Hormones and Metabolic Functions

• Norepinephrine is the primary sympathetic neurohormone.
• An imbalance between calcium and phosphorus can hinder healthy bone tissue growth.
• Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
• Histamine can cause extreme dilation of arterioles and capillaries, resulting in shock.
• The stomach's expected pH ranges from 0.90 to 1.50.
• Calcium is crucial for muscle contraction.

Digestive and Regulatory Functions

• Bile is secreted into the small intestines.
• Glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the body.
• Aldosterone conserves sodium within the body.
• The function of baroreceptors is to decrease heart rate.
• The oculomotor nerve regulates light entering the eye.

Blood and Structural Biology

• Proteins maintain a normal glomerular oncotic pressure of 33 mm Hg, preventing excessive water loss from capillaries.
• The secondary structure of a protein involves coiling or folding due to hydrogen bonds.
• A metatarsal is an example of a long bone.
• The liver is divided into four distinct lobes.

Chemical Properties and Reactions

• The concentration of a solution containing 58.5g of NaCl in 2L is 0.5 mol NaCl.
• Neon's correct electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
• Zinc's ground state electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰.
• Water's ability to form hydrogen bonds results in a high specific heat.
• The weakest intermolecular force is known as dispersion.

Acid and Base Concepts

• Phenolphthalein remains colorless at pH 8.4 and turns pink in basic solutions.
• Water can be boiled at room temperature by lowering the pressure.
• Sublimation of iodine and carbon dioxide transitions from solid to gas.

Thermodynamics and Molecular Interactions

• A catalyst increases reaction rates by lowering activation energy.
• In redox reactions, an increase in oxidation number results from oxidation.
• Experiment data showing boiling water temperatures of 104.6°C, 104.5°C, and 104°C demonstrates precision.
• Catabolic pathways in chemical reactions typically increase entropy.

Genetics and Cellular Mechanisms

• A diploid germ cell with 72 chromosomes produces gametes with 36 chromosomes after meiosis.
• The primary role of flagella is for cell movement.
• Pinocytosis is the process that actively transports small particles across the cell membrane.
• Water movement in or out of a cell is driven by a pressure gradient of water molecules along the cell membrane.
• DNA governs metabolic activities by controlling enzyme synthesis.

Water pH and Cellular Control

• Water containing acid would likely show a lower pH level.
• The nucleus functions as the primary control center for cellular activities.

This quiz covers various aspects of cellular processes, nervous and circulatory systems, and hormones. Explore concepts like glycogen breakdown, meiotic crossing over, and the roles of different neurons and receptors in advanced biological functions. Test your knowledge on the intricate workings of these fundamental systems in biology.