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Questions and Answers
What is the general formula for lipids?
What is the general formula for lipids?
Antibodies are produced by muscle cells to fight off infections.
Antibodies are produced by muscle cells to fight off infections.
False
What are the two types of smaller molecules that make up lipids?
What are the two types of smaller molecules that make up lipids?
glycerol and fatty acid
Glucose is a common carbohydrate whose formula is __________.
Glucose is a common carbohydrate whose formula is __________.
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Match the following types of carbohydrates to their descriptions:
Match the following types of carbohydrates to their descriptions:
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Which type of carbohydrate provides long-term energy for the body?
Which type of carbohydrate provides long-term energy for the body?
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The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates is the same as in water.
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates is the same as in water.
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Name the two principal types of nucleic acids.
Name the two principal types of nucleic acids.
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What is the sugar component in DNA?
What is the sugar component in DNA?
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RNA is primarily located in the nucleus of the cell.
RNA is primarily located in the nucleus of the cell.
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What are the three types of RNA?
What are the three types of RNA?
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The main constituent of ribosomes is __________.
The main constituent of ribosomes is __________.
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Which nitrogen base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Which nitrogen base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
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Match the following components with their descriptions:
Match the following components with their descriptions:
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Which tissue type is characterized by its ability to contract?
Which tissue type is characterized by its ability to contract?
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DNA has a single helix configuration.
DNA has a single helix configuration.
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Blood is the most abundant tissue in the human body.
Blood is the most abundant tissue in the human body.
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What is the part of an organ that is composed of connective tissue called?
What is the part of an organ that is composed of connective tissue called?
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Purines are characterized by their __________ structure.
Purines are characterized by their __________ structure.
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The percentage of fat tissue in the human body is ____%
The percentage of fat tissue in the human body is ____%
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Match the following types of cells with their radiosensitivity:
Match the following types of cells with their radiosensitivity:
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What is the correct sequence of stages in mitosis?
What is the correct sequence of stages in mitosis?
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Meiosis includes an S-phase for DNA replication.
Meiosis includes an S-phase for DNA replication.
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What is formed during telophase?
What is formed during telophase?
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The chromosomes line up along the __________ during metaphase.
The chromosomes line up along the __________ during metaphase.
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Match the following phases with their characteristics:
Match the following phases with their characteristics:
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What is the primary function of mitochondria?
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
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Somatic cells are involved in the synthesis of haploid gametes.
Somatic cells are involved in the synthesis of haploid gametes.
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What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
What is the primary purpose of mitosis?
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Mitosis results in four haploid cells.
Mitosis results in four haploid cells.
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What are the two phases of cell proliferation?
What are the two phases of cell proliferation?
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What happens during anaphase?
What happens during anaphase?
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The process through which DNA serves as a template to create messenger RNA is called __________.
The process through which DNA serves as a template to create messenger RNA is called __________.
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Match each term with its correct definition:
Match each term with its correct definition:
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What identifies one of the 22 human amino acids during protein synthesis?
What identifies one of the 22 human amino acids during protein synthesis?
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Mutations in somatic cells can be passed down to future generations.
Mutations in somatic cells can be passed down to future generations.
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The foundational element of molecular biology can be simplified as __________.
The foundational element of molecular biology can be simplified as __________.
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Study Notes
Hormones
- Chemical signaling molecules produced by endocrine cells, regulating physiological processes like growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction.
Antibodies and Antigens
- Antibodies defend the body against infections by fighting foreign substances called antigens.
Lipids
- General formula of lipids: CnHnOn.
- Consist of glycerol and fatty acids; one glycerol molecule combines with three fatty acids.
- Essential in all body tissues and form structural components of cell membranes.
- Serve as energy stores for the body.
Carbohydrates
- Characterized by a hydrogen to oxygen atom ratio of 2:1, similar to water.
- Glucose (C6H12O6) is a primary carbohydrate and essential fuel for cellular metabolism.
Simple vs. Complex Carbohydrates
- Simple carbohydrates are natural sugars from fruits and sweets, easily digestible but can cause health issues.
- Complex carbohydrates provide long-term energy, crucial for daily functions.
Types of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars.
- Disaccharides: Simple sugars soluble in water.
- Oligosaccharides: 3–10 monosaccharide units.
- Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
Nucleic Acids
- Large and complex macromolecules critical for life.
- Two main types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
DNA
- Located in the nucleus; acts as the command center for cell function, containing hereditary information.
- Composed of sugars (deoxyribose), bases (thymine), and has a double helix structure.
- Sensitive to radiation.
RNA
- Found primarily in the cytoplasm; involved in protein synthesis.
- Composed of sugars (ribose), bases (uracil), and has a single helix configuration.
- Three types: mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal).
Nitrogen Bases
- Nitrogen acts as a base, participating in molecular formations.
- Purines (double rings): Adenine and Guanine.
- Pyrimidines (single rings): Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.
- Nucleotides are formed from a base-sugar-phosphate combination.
Cell Types and Proliferation
- Somatic cells: Non-reproductive cells formed by mitosis.
- Germ cells: Reproductive cells formed through meiosis.
- Cell proliferation consists of mitosis (M phase) and DNA synthesis (S phase).
Mitosis
- Phase of the cell cycle where DNA divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Stages include: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
Interphase
- Growth period before mitosis, with phases: G1 (before DNA synthesis), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (post DNA synthesis).
Mitosis Stages
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes; spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate ensuring equal distribution.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
- Telophase: Nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes; the cell divides.
Meiosis
- Reduction division of germ cells; leads to four haploid cells from one diploid cell without an S phase for DNA replication.
- Involves crossover of chromatids to increase genetic diversity.
Tissues
- Collections of similar cells; form organs and organ systems.
-
Major Types of Tissue:
- Epithelium: Covers surfaces.
- Connective: Binds and supports.
- Muscle: Contracts for movement.
- Nervous: Transmits signals.
Tissue Composition
- Muscle: 43%
- Fat: 14%
- Organ: 12%
- Skeleton: 10%
- Blood: 8%
- Subcutaneous Tissue: 6%
- Bone Marrow: 4%
- Skin: 3%
Radiosensitivity of Tissues and Organs
- Determined by organ function, inherent cell radiosensitivity, and maturation rate.
- High sensitivity: Intestinal crypt cells, spermatogonia, lymphocytes.
- Intermediate sensitivity: Spermatids, endothelial cells, fibroblasts.
- Low sensitivity: Nerve cells.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to hormones, antibodies, and lipids. Test your knowledge on how these chemical signaling molecules function within the body and their implications on growth, metabolism, and defense mechanisms against infections. Perfect for biology students seeking to reinforce their understanding of these vital topics.
