Biology Class 12: Drug Development and Hormones

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are monoclonal antibodies and how are they created?

Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by fusing a B lymphocyte from a mouse with a tumor cell, forming a hybridoma.

Why are drugs derived from plants important in medicine?

Drugs from plants are important because they contain chemicals that can treat human diseases and alleviate symptoms.

What are some potential side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

Monoclonal antibodies can have side effects such as fever, vomiting, and low blood pressure.

Describe the role of chemists in modern drug development.

Chemists in the pharmaceutical industry develop new drugs in laboratories by synthesizing compounds and testing their effects. Signup and view all the answers

What practical applications do monoclonal antibodies have in medicine?

Monoclonal antibodies are used in blood tests to measure hormone and chemical levels, as well as to detect pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the endocrine system play in regulating blood glucose levels?

The endocrine system regulates blood glucose levels via hormones like insulin and glucagon. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of synapses in the human nervous system.

Synapses transmit signals between neurons, allowing communication through neurotransmitter release. Signup and view all the answers

How do plant hormones affect growth?

Plant hormones, like auxins, regulate growth by influencing cell elongation and division. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary hormonal changes during puberty?

Increased levels of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, drive sexual maturation. Signup and view all the answers

Outline the process of urine formation and its importance for homeostasis.

Urine formation involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the kidneys, regulating water and electrolyte balance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of genetic crosses in understanding inheritance?

Genetic crosses demonstrate how traits are inherited, illustrating dominant and recessive patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of homeostasis and its importance for organisms.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions essential for optimal functioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of amylase in the digestive system?

Amylase catalyzes the breakdown of starch into smaller soluble molecules, primarily maltose. Signup and view all the answers

How does a positive iodine test indicate the presence of starch?

A positive iodine test for starch is indicated by a color change to blue-black. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of recording the time taken for starch digestion?

Recording the time helps determine the efficiency of amylase under varying conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Why are pH values important in the investigation of amylase activity?

pH values affect enzyme shape and function, influencing the rate of reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'independent variable' refer to in this investigation?

The independent variable is the pH of the buffer solution used in the experiment. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'dependent variable' in the context of the amylase experiment.

The dependent variable is the time taken for starch to be completely digested. Signup and view all the answers

What color change indicates a negative result in the iodine test for starch?

A negative result in the iodine test is indicated by no color change or a brown color. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between organ systems and the digestive process?

Organ systems, such as the digestive system, work together to break down and absorb nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What underlying principle describes the breakdown of large molecules in the digestive system?

The digestive system converts large molecules into smaller, soluble molecules for absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of statins in treating heart disease?

To lower cholesterol levels in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

Identify a major risk associated with stent surgery.

The risk of infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of heart transplants?

Lack of available donors. Signup and view all the answers

How do stents improve blood flow?

They stretch narrow or blocked arteries. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of treatment is considered a long-term strategy for preventing heart disease?

Statins medication. Signup and view all the answers

List one benefit of using artificial plastic hearts temporarily.

They provide time until a donor heart is available. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of measles?

A red rash and respiratory symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential side effect of using statins?

Possible negative side effects. Signup and view all the answers

Name a bacterial disease associated with food poisoning.

Salmonella. Signup and view all the answers

What major concern accompanies any organ transplant, including heart transplants?

Risk of transplant rejection. Signup and view all the answers

What is phagocytosis and how do white blood cells utilize this process?

Phagocytosis is when white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens, helping to eliminate infections. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of antibiotics in bacterial infections.

Antibiotics kill bacteria that cause infections but do not affect viruses. Signup and view all the answers

How do white blood cells respond to pathogens based on their antigens?

White blood cells produce antibodies that specifically lock onto the antigens of pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms can indicate a plant suffering from nutrient deficiencies?

Symptoms can include stunted growth, yellow leaves, and abnormal growth. Signup and view all the answers

Describe one physical defense mechanism that plants use against pathogens.

Plants have a waxy cuticle that acts as a barrier to prevent pathogen entry. Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do viruses present in terms of treatment compared to bacterial infections?

Viruses are difficult to kill because they reside inside host body cells, making them less accessible to treatments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antitoxins produced by white blood cells?

Antitoxins neutralize toxins produced by pathogens, limiting their harmful effects on the body. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main stages involved in drug testing?

The stages include pre-clinical testing on human cells, testing on living animals, and clinical trials. Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies differ in their specificity towards pathogens?

Antibodies are specific to one antigen and will only work against that particular pathogen. Signup and view all the answers

What are some common signs of plant disease?

Common signs of plant disease include stunted growth, spots on leaves, and patches of decay. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology Triple Science Revision Booklet

This booklet is a revision resource for Worle Community School's Triple Science Biology course, specifically for Higher Tier Paper 1 & 2.
The resource is organized by topics, including Cell Biology, Organisation, Infection & Response, Bioenergetics, Homeostasis & Response, and Inheritance, Variation & Evolution.
Each section contains detailed subtopics, with further subheadings allowing precise focused study.
Review points are tracked using a RAG system (Red, Amber, Green) for self-assessment and identifying areas for further study.
The booklet includes practical activities, including specific requirements and step-by-step instructions for each practical.
There are review question sections for each topic, to aid understanding and prepare for examinations.

Cell Biology

What's in Cells: Types of cells (animal, plant, bacterial), standard form, cell specialisation in animals and plants, microscopy techniques, culturing microorganisms, calculations.
Cell Division: Chromosomes, mitosis, stem cells, and variations of cell division.
Transport in Cells: Diffusion, exchange surfaces (e.g. alveoli, villi in humans and stomata in plants), osmosis, and active transport.

Organisation

Principles of Organisation: Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Enzymes: Enzyme function, rate of reaction, examples within digestion, testing digestive processes/biomolecules.
Circulatory System: Blood vessels, heart function (pulmonary and systemic circulation), blood components, blood vessels and their structures, and the role of the heart in pumping blood.
Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk factors of heart disease, treating heart disease, and cancer.
Plant Tissues, Organs & Systems: Plant tissues (e.g., xylem, phloem), transpiration, translocation, stomata.

Infection & Response

Communicable Diseases: The spread of infectious diseases (viruses, pathogens), human defense systems, antibiotics, drug development, and drug testing.
Monoclonal Antibodies: Production and use of monoclonal antibodies.
Plant Diseases & Defence: Disease, defence mechanisms, and identifying diseases.

Bioenergetics

Photosynthesis: The process itself, experiments, and factors affecting it.
Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the equations involved, the effect of exercise, and oxygen debt.

Homeostasis & Response

Homeostasis: Regulation of internal environment, factors and systems involved.
Human Nervous System: Structure and function of neurons, synapses, reflexes, brain structure and function, and eye anatomy and function.
Hormonal Coordination: Endocrine system, examples of hormones in humans (e.g., blood glucose control, menstrual cycle, hormones for infertility and contraception).
Plant Hormones: Plant growth and responses to light and gravity, hormones affecting them, and uses of plant hormones in commercial applications.

Inheritance, Variation & Evolution

Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and animals, DNA, genomes, genetics, protein synthesis, genetic inheritance, and genetic crosses.
Variation & Evolution: Genetic inheritance, genetic disorders, selective breeding, genetic engineering, uses of genetic modification, and cloning.
Genetics & Evolution: Processes like Natural Selection speciation, evolution evidence, and impact on organisms, and their environments.
Classification: Living organisms, classifying living things, and evolution of species from a single common parent.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores critical topics in biology related to drug development, monoclonal antibodies, and hormonal regulation. It covers aspects like the creation of monoclonal antibodies, their applications in medicine, and the roles of plant hormones and the endocrine system. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts.