Biology Class 12: Drug Development and Hormones

The process by which living organisms take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, often through the use of specialized organs like lungs.

Chemicals produced by plants to defend themselves, which can be used to treat human diseases or help with symptoms.

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment within a living organism, such as regulating body temperature or blood sugar.

Identical antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.

A network of specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body, allowing for rapid communication and coordination.

A cell created by fusing a B lymphocyte with a tumor cell. These cells can be cloned to produce large amounts of identical antibodies.

The junction between two nerve cells, where signals are transmitted from one cell to another using chemical messengers.

A substance that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies.

A rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus, often involving a sensory neuron, a relay neuron, and a motor neuron.

A protein produced by the immune system that binds to a specific antigen.

The control center of the nervous system, responsible for receiving, processing, and sending information to different parts of the body.

The process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment, specifically focusing on regulating body temperature.

A type of medicine that reduces levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol can build up in arteries, narrowing them. This can lead to heart disease.

A small, metal tube inserted into a narrowed or blocked artery to open it up. It helps to restore blood flow.

A medical procedure where a diseased heart is replaced with a healthy heart from a deceased donor.

Microorganisms that can cause disease in humans, plants and animals.

A disease that can be passed from one organism to another.

A type of pathogen that can cause illness.

A type of pathogen that can cause illness.

Food poisoning caused by Salmonella bacteria. Symptoms include fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

A viral disease that causes a red rash, high fever and coughing. It is spread through droplets from coughs and sneezes.

White blood cells engulf and digest pathogens.

White blood cells produce antitoxins to neutralize the harmful effects of toxins.

A substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen, providing immunity.

The initial phase of drug development where a drug's safety and effectiveness are tested on cells, tissues, and living organisms.

The process of using drugs to treat diseases or conditions.

The study of drugs and their effects on the body.

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria.

The smallest unit of life, capable of carrying out all the functions needed for life.

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

A structure made of different tissues working together to perform a complex function.

A group of organs working together to carry out a major bodily function.

The process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body, like digestion.

A chemical indicator used to test for the presence of starch. Its color changes from yellow-brown to blue-black in the presence of starch.

A chemical indicator used to test for the presence of sugars. Its color changes from blue to green to red in the presence of increasing amounts of sugar.

The substance or factor that is changed or manipulated in an experiment.