Classes of Hormones Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following are groups of hormones based on their chemical structure? (Select all that apply)

Lipid derivatives (correct)

Peptide hormones (correct)

Amino acid derivatives (correct)

Nucleotide derivatives

What are amino acid derivatives sometimes known as?

Biogenic amines

Which amino acids are used to synthesize amino acid derivatives?

Tyrosine and tryptophan

Which of the following are amino derivatives from tyrosine? (Select all that apply)

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

How are peptide hormones divided?

Glycoproteins and short polypeptides Signup and view all the answers

What are the two classes of lipid derivatives? (Select all that apply)

Eicosanoids Signup and view all the answers

What are eicosanoids?

Signaling molecules that include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins Signup and view all the answers

What are steroid hormones structurally similar to?

Cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an organ of the endocrine system?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

The hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar is called ______.

insulin Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their associated hormones:

Thyroid Gland = Thyroxine (T4) Adrenal Gland = Epinephrine (E) Pineal Gland = Melatonin Adipose Tissue = Leptin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classes of Hormones

Hormones are categorized into three groups based on chemical structure:
- Amino acid derivatives
- Peptide hormones
- Lipid derivatives

Amino Acid Derivatives

Also called biogenic amines, they are small molecules related to amino acids.
Synthesized primarily from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.

Amino Derivatives from Tyrosine

Thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland.
Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine are known as catecholamines.
Melatonin, derived from tryptophan, is produced by the pineal gland.

Peptide Hormones

Divided into two groups:
- Glycoproteins
- Short polypeptides and small proteins

Lipid Derivatives

Two major classes exist:
- Eicosanoids
- Steroid hormones

Eicosanoids

Function as signaling molecules, including:
- Prostaglandins
- Thromboxanes
- Prostacyclins

Steroid Hormones

Lipids with a structure similar to cholesterol.
Individual hormones vary in their side chains attached to the steroid ring structure.
The liver absorbs and converts steroids into a soluble form for excretion via bile or urine.

Organs of the Endocrine System

Hypothalamus: Produces ADH (antidiuretic hormone), OXT (oxytocin), and regulatory hormones.
Pituitary Gland:
- Anterior lobe secretes ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH.
- Posterior lobe releases oxytocin and ADH.
Thyroid Gland: Produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin (CT).
Adrenal Gland:
- Medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Cortex produces cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens.
Pancreatic Islets: Secrete insulin and glucagon.
Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin.
Parathyroid Glands: Located behind the thyroid, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Secondary Endocrine Function Organs:
- Heart: Produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).
- Thymus: Produces thymosins, undergoes atrophy in adulthood.
- Adipose Tissue: Secretes leptin.
- Digestive Tract: Produces hormones that coordinate functions, glucose metabolism, and appetite.
- Kidneys: Produce erythropoietin (EPO) and calcitriol.
- Gonads:
  - Testes secrete androgens (especially testosterone) and inhibin.
  - Ovaries secrete estrogens, progestogens, and inhibin.

Description

Explore the different classes of hormones through these flashcards. Learn about amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives with concise definitions that enhance your understanding of hormonal structures. Perfect for students studying biology or endocrinology.