Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are groups of hormones based on their chemical structure? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are groups of hormones based on their chemical structure? (Select all that apply)
What are amino acid derivatives sometimes known as?
What are amino acid derivatives sometimes known as?
Biogenic amines
Which amino acids are used to synthesize amino acid derivatives?
Which amino acids are used to synthesize amino acid derivatives?
Tyrosine and tryptophan
Which of the following are amino derivatives from tyrosine? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are amino derivatives from tyrosine? (Select all that apply)
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How are peptide hormones divided?
How are peptide hormones divided?
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What are the two classes of lipid derivatives? (Select all that apply)
What are the two classes of lipid derivatives? (Select all that apply)
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What are eicosanoids?
What are eicosanoids?
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What are steroid hormones structurally similar to?
What are steroid hormones structurally similar to?
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Which of the following is NOT an organ of the endocrine system?
Which of the following is NOT an organ of the endocrine system?
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The hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar is called ______.
The hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar is called ______.
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Match the following organs with their associated hormones:
Match the following organs with their associated hormones:
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Study Notes
Classes of Hormones
- Hormones are categorized into three groups based on chemical structure:
- Amino acid derivatives
- Peptide hormones
- Lipid derivatives
Amino Acid Derivatives
- Also called biogenic amines, they are small molecules related to amino acids.
- Synthesized primarily from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan.
Amino Derivatives from Tyrosine
- Thyroid hormones are produced by the thyroid gland.
- Epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine are known as catecholamines.
- Melatonin, derived from tryptophan, is produced by the pineal gland.
Peptide Hormones
- Divided into two groups:
- Glycoproteins
- Short polypeptides and small proteins
Lipid Derivatives
- Two major classes exist:
- Eicosanoids
- Steroid hormones
Eicosanoids
- Function as signaling molecules, including:
- Prostaglandins
- Thromboxanes
- Prostacyclins
Steroid Hormones
- Lipids with a structure similar to cholesterol.
- Individual hormones vary in their side chains attached to the steroid ring structure.
- The liver absorbs and converts steroids into a soluble form for excretion via bile or urine.
Organs of the Endocrine System
- Hypothalamus: Produces ADH (antidiuretic hormone), OXT (oxytocin), and regulatory hormones.
-
Pituitary Gland:
- Anterior lobe secretes ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH.
- Posterior lobe releases oxytocin and ADH.
- Thyroid Gland: Produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin (CT).
-
Adrenal Gland:
- Medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- Cortex produces cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens.
- Pancreatic Islets: Secrete insulin and glucagon.
- Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin.
- Parathyroid Glands: Located behind the thyroid, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
-
Secondary Endocrine Function Organs:
- Heart: Produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).
- Thymus: Produces thymosins, undergoes atrophy in adulthood.
- Adipose Tissue: Secretes leptin.
- Digestive Tract: Produces hormones that coordinate functions, glucose metabolism, and appetite.
- Kidneys: Produce erythropoietin (EPO) and calcitriol.
-
Gonads:
- Testes secrete androgens (especially testosterone) and inhibin.
- Ovaries secrete estrogens, progestogens, and inhibin.
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Description
Explore the different classes of hormones through these flashcards. Learn about amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives with concise definitions that enhance your understanding of hormonal structures. Perfect for students studying biology or endocrinology.
