Classes of Hormones Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are classes of hormones? (Select all that apply)

  • Fats
  • Steroids (correct)
  • Monoamines (correct)
  • Proteins and Peptides (correct)
  • What are the main sources of steroid hormone synthesis?

    Adrenal, gonads, and brain

    All steroid hormones have the same chemical structure.

    True

    What is the main precursor for steroid hormones?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroid hormones are: (Select all that apply)

    <p>Fat soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effects can steroid hormones have without affecting gene expression?

    <p>Non-genomic effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are receptor isoforms?

    <p>Versions of hormone receptors with differences in structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein and peptide hormones are: (Select all that apply)

    <p>Made of individual amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are protein and peptide hormones released into circulation?

    <p>By exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of hormones are derived from a single amino acid?

    <p>Monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a catecholamine?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classes of Hormones

    • Four primary classes: proteins and peptides, steroids, monoamines, and lipid-based hormones (prostaglandins).

    Steroid Hormone Synthesis

    • Main sources: adrenal glands, gonads, and brain.
    • All steroid hormones feature a structure of three six-carbon rings and one five-carbon ring, consistent across all vertebrates.
    • Variations exist among steroid hormones in the number and types of atoms attached to their rings.
    • Steroids are derived from cholesterol, synthesized from acetate in the liver.

    Steroid Hormones

    • Fat soluble, allowing easy movement through cell membranes.
    • Not water soluble; require carrier proteins for blood transport to target tissues.
    • Receptors can be embedded in cell membranes or found in the cytosol/nucleus.
    • Effects are slow to manifest but tend to last longer.

    Non-genomic Effects of Steroid Hormones

    • Steroids can induce rapid effects on neurons without altering gene expression.
    • These effects modify neuronal excitability and involve membrane-bound receptors.

    Receptor Isoforms

    • Slight structural variations exist among hormone receptors, resulting in different functional properties.

    Protein and Peptide Hormones

    • Composed of amino acids, categorized as small peptides or larger proteins/polypeptides.
    • Include neurohormones from the hypothalamus, tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary, and various hormones from the posterior pituitary, parathyroid, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas.

    Protein and Peptide Hormones (continued)

    • Stored within vesicles in endocrine cells, released via exocytosis into circulation.
    • Soluble in blood, eliminating the need for carrier proteins.
    • Act quickly, with effects observable in seconds to minutes.

    Protein and Peptide Hormone Receptors

    • Located in the cell membrane, characterized by three domains: extracellular (hormone binding), transmembrane, and cytoplasmic.
    • Utilize intracellular second messengers like cyclic AMP (cAMP) for signaling.

    Monoamines

    • Derived from single amino acids, classified into two types:
      • Catecholamines: include epinephrine and norepinephrine produced in the adrenal medulla.
      • Indole amines: include melatonin produced in the pineal gland.
    • Thyroid hormones are also considered monoamines, as they are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various classes of hormones, including proteins, peptides, steroids, monoamines, and lipid-based hormones. This flashcard set also covers steroid hormone synthesis and its sources. Perfect for students studying biology or endocrinology.

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