Biology Quiz on Evolution and Protists

<p>Forams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory of evolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stramenopiles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in the genetic code of organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Green algae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represent the first evidence of complex multicellular life on Earth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diatoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phycoerythrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The change in the timing and rate of development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They determine the position of body parts during development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amoebozoans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stramenopiles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhizaria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular slime molds can form a fruiting body, while plasmodial slime molds cannot. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entamoebas are parasitic, while Gymnamoebas are free-living. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutualists, forming beneficial relationships with other organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants have cell walls made of cellulose, while fungi have cell walls made of chitin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secreting digestive enzymes called exoenzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multicellular filaments (hyphae) forming a mycelium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce spores for reproduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms the structural foundation of fungal cell walls. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basidia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protozoans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths around roots, while endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate root cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A circular pattern of mushroom growth caused by mycellium spreading in a circular form from a central region where the spore lands, indicated by circular pattern of basidiocarps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chytrids are known for their ability to digest cellulose, chitin, and keratin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By consuming organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zygosporangium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascomycetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi producing toxins to deter herbivores in plant roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They form sheaths around root cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fragmentation or the formation of soredia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It denotes a fungal mycelium containing two or more haploid nuclei per cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as signaling molecules that allow fungi to communicate their mating type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euglena (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromalveolata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiolarians (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apicomplexans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slime molds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euglenozoans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unikonta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a complex life cycle that involves multiple host cells and continuously change their surface proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endomycorrhizal fungi extend their hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chytrids are known to form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zygospore (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Karyogamy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascomycota (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomeromycota (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attract and fuse with compatible fungal hyphae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fungal mycelium with two or more haploid nuclei per cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It includes all descendants of a common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They perform the same function but have different structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organisms that rely on consuming other organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endosymbiosis events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ratio of parent to daughter isotopes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They help estimate the ages of fossils, with older fossils being found deeper. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parent isotopes transition into daughter isotopes at a steady rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endosymbiosis hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By determining the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The emergence of cyanobacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Layered structures created by cyanobacteria and sediment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time required for half of the parent isotopes to decay (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cambrian Radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of symmetry and soft bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continental drift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multicausal theory of mass extinction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have multiple flagella and two equal-sized nuclei. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterochrony (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control basic body plan formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane-bound sacs called alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of extensive coal forests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They originated from secondary symbiosis and include alveolates and stramenopiles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural habitat conservation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red tides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of abundant oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Are exclusively heterotrophic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archeaplastida (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oparin and Haldane's conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit complex shell structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outgassing and comet impacts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It demonstrated the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is more chemically stable with fewer mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation is prevalent and oxygen is scarce (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They would experience accelerated aging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New structures evolve in stages from pre-existing structures and functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monophyletic group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protists are a diverse group, encompassing unicellular, colonial, and multicellular eukaryotes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogous structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Excavata 2. Chromalveolata 3. Rhizaria 4. Archaeplastida 5. Unikonta (C)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mixture of water vapor, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided a favorable environment for abiotic synthesis of organic molecules needed for life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA can act as both a carrier of genetic information and a catalytic enzyme. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An environment characterized by the addition of electrons to molecules, leading to reduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volcanic activity, releasing heat and chemical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA is more chemically stable and replicates with less error. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess a reducing environment similar to early Earth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They acted as both carriers of genetic information and catalytic enzymes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboniferous Period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cambrian Radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expansion of shallow ocean environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two haploid nuclei from different mycelia coexist within a single cell without fusing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chitin provides structural support and rigidity to fungal cell walls. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomeromycetes (Glomeromycota) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The production of sexually produced spores within sac-like asci. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi release chemical signals called pheromones that attract compatible mating partners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chytrids are powerful decomposers, able to digest cellulose, chitin, and keratin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are common unicellular amoebozoans found in soil and aquatic environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To migrate towards food sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi and bacteria work together as the primary decomposers, breaking down a wide range of organic materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fungi produce enzymes that break down complex molecules into smaller, absorbable compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms the cell walls of fungi, providing structural support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary producers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The constant decay rate of a parent isotope to a daughter isotope allows scientists to measure the ratio and determine the age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assemblage of larger and soft-bodied organisms from the Ediacaran Period.

Sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla during the Cambrian period.

Plants and fungi began to colonize land around 475 million years ago.

Four-limbed vertebrates that evolved from lobed-finned fishes.

A time of high atmospheric oxygen with large amphibians and coal forests.

The theory of evolution explains the diversity of life.

Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development.

Homeotic genes that provide positional information in animals' body plans.

A diverse group of single-celled organisms characterized by their cytoskeleton.

A group of Excavata with mitosomes, two nuclei, and multiple flagella, often parasitic.

Excavata with reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes) that have undulating membranes and generate energy anaerobically.

A group of mixotrophs with a crystalline rod in their flagella, including pathogenic parasites and heterotrophs.

A monophyletic group originating from secondary symbiosis, includes alveolates and stramenopiles.

Aquatic organisms, both hetero- and mixotrophs, with two flagella and reinforced internal plates.

Parasitic alveolates with special organelles for penetrating hosts and complex life cycles.

The apicomplexan that causes malaria, alters its surface proteins to evade immune response.

Protozoans that move using cilia and have complex nuclei structures.

Group including heterotrophs and algae with hairy and smooth flagella.

Photosynthetic unicellular algae with silica cell walls, vital in the food chain.

Unicellular or colonial algae known for yellow and brown colors, photosynthetic.

The largest and most complex group of algae, often found in marine environments.

Protists with multi-chambered, porous shells, made of organic material and calcium carbonate.

Multicellular algae with phycoerythrin as a pigment, masking green chlorophyll.

Protists with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia, often found in moist environments.

Mycetozoans that were once classified as fungi; two types are plasmodial and cellular.

Undivided organisms with many diploid nuclei; extend pseudopodia through decomposing materials.

Form multicellular aggregates with membranes separating cells; can produce spores together.

Common unicellular amoebozoans found in various environments; mostly heterotrophic.

Parasitic amoebas that infect vertebrates and some invertebrates.

Caused by the pathogen Entamoeba histolytica.

Fungi lack chlorophyll, are heterotrophic, and have fruiting bodies for spore production.

The collective mass of hyphae filaments, typically found underground.

Asexual spores produced by ascomycetes fungi.

Most yeasts are classified as unicellular ascoymcetes.

Fungi known as club fungi, including mushrooms, defined by the structure called basidium.

Circular mushroom growth pattern caused by mycelium spreading from a central point.

Fruiting bodies produced by mycelium for sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes.

Fungi form beneficial relationships with plants, algae, and animals.

Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism like algae.

General term for fungal infections in animals.

Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots.

Fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over roots and grow into root cortex spaces.

Fungi that extend hyphae into root cell walls and membranes.

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus (zygote).

Mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated spores, considered the most ancestral fungi.

Reproductive structure found in zygomycetes.

Fungi defined by producing sexual spores in sac-like asci.

Flagellated spores produced by chytrids.

Changes over large time scales, including the origin of photosynthesis.

Consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% carbon dioxide.

Possible origin of life on Earth, providing heat and chemicals.

Areas where organic molecules formed, thought to be where life began.

An environment with little oxygen, promoting organic material development.

RNA is believed to be the first genetic material on Earth.

Demonstrated abiotic synthesis of organic compounds like amino acids.

DNA is more stable and replicates with fewer errors than RNA.

Structures that evolve for one function but are used for another.

A group consisting of a single ancestral species and all its descendants, also known as a clade.

Composed of some but not all members descending from a common ancestor.

Organisms that use sunlight to produce their own food.

Organisms that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

The time when organisms developed symmetry and soft bodies.

Rocks formed from sediment deposited in layers called strata.

Method to estimate fossils' ages based on their strata; older fossils are deeper.

The first evidence of predator-prey interactions and shelled creatures appeared.

A technique using radioactive decay to find the exact ages of fossils.

Plants and fungi began colonizing land about 475 million years ago.

Time needed for half of a parent isotope to decay into a daughter isotope.

A form of radiometric dating using carbon-14 ratios to determine fossil age.

Led to Pangaea, affecting habitats and climate significantly.

A mutual relationship where one organism lives inside another; explains organelles' origins.

Mass extinctions are multicausal, involving various environmental changes.

Genes that determine basic body part placement.

The first single-celled organisms, responsible for creating Earth’s oxidizing atmosphere.

Theory that extreme glaciation confined life to equatorial regions or deep-sea vents.

A group of protists that includes foraminiferans and radiolarians.

Includes red algae, chlorophytes, charophyceans, and land plants, characterized by chloroplasts derived from cyanobacteria.

A subgroup of Chromaleveolata characterized by membrane-bound sacs called alveoli beneath the plasma membrane.

A type of Euglenozoan with a single mitochondrion that contains a mass of DNA called kinetoplast.

Hyphae penetrate root cells, commonly associated with glomeromycetes.

Changes over large time scales, such as the development of photosynthesis.

DNA replicates more accurately and is chemically more stable than RNA.

The formation of supercontinent Pangaea, impacting habitats and climate.

Documents of life's history and evidence of change over time.

Layers of sedimentary rocks that serve as fossil sources.

Most novel biological structures evolve in stages from existing ones.

Group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.