Phylogenetics Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the gradual transformation of one species into another?

  • Taxon
  • Cladogenesis (correct)
  • Phylogenetics
  • Clade

A polytomy represents a branch point where only two lineages emerge.

False (B)

What is the primary study focus of phylogenetics?

The study of evolutionary relationships among species using morphology, genetics, or molecular biology.

The gradual movement of continents over geological time is known as __________.

<p>Continental Drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the causes of mass extinctions with their descriptions:

<p>Volcanic eruptions = Catastrophic events causing significant environmental changes Asteroid impacts = Catastrophic events leading to widespread extinction Climate change = Environmental changes that destabilize ecosystems Emergence of new predators = Biological factors that lead to species decline or extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clade?

<p>A group that includes an ancestor and all its descendants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ingroup is the group of species being studied in phylogenetic analysis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can mass extinction events affect the evolution of surviving organisms?

<p>They eliminate large numbers of species, opening ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the creation of distinct species over time?

<p>Reproductive isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A large bird capable of flying long distances is likely to become isolated by a small river.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for small-scale changes within a population?

<p>Microevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autopolyploid speciation occurs when an individual within a single species undergoes ______, creating a polyploid organism.

<p>genome duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios leads to reinforcement?

<p>Hybrid offspring with reduced fitness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of traits does an outgroup help to identify within the ingroup?

<p>Shared derived traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two distinct species interbreed successfully, it is called ______.

<p>hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes to their definitions:

<p>Microevolution = Small-scale changes within a population Reinforcement = Strengthening of prezygotic isolating mechanisms Fusion = Merging of two species back into one Autopolyploid Speciation = Genome duplication within a single species</p> Signup and view all the answers

A paraphyletic clade includes all descendants of a common ancestor.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fusion occurs when reproductive barriers between two species are strong.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?

<p>To facilitate the movement of genetic material between organisms without reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hair in mammals is an example of a ______ trait.

<p>shared derived</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of clade with its description:

<p>Monophyletic = Includes a common ancestor and all its descendants Paraphyletic = Includes a common ancestor and some descendants Polyphyletic = Includes groups with different ancestors Diversity = Wide range of different traits and characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates a polyphyletic clade?

<p>Grouping of bats and birds due to flight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria can only be acquired through mutations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of characters are shared ancestral characters?

<p>Traits present in a common ancestor and shared by multiple groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is multicellularity characterized by?

<p>Specialized and interdependent cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mixotrophy is a nutritional strategy that involves only heterotrophy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are involved in the process of secondary endosymbiosis?

<p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria produced oxygen through __________, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event.

<p>photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nutritional modes with their definitions:

<p>Autotrophs = Use inorganic sources of carbon Heterotrophs = Use organic carbon sources Photoautotrophs = Use light energy Chemoheterotrophs = Use organic molecules for energy and carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about prokaryotes?

<p>They can metabolize a wide range of substances (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All domains of life share unique metabolic pathways.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ecological role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, play?

<p>Making atmospheric nitrogen available to plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about organelles is accurate?

<p>Organelles can divide independently of the host cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Algae are primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of zooxanthellae in coral ecosystems?

<p>Mutualistic relationships with coral</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plants, the ________ stage is dominant in nonvascular plants like mosses.

<p>gametophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

<p>Diffusion = Limits the size of unicellular organisms due to inefficiency over large distances Pollination = Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma Biological Carbon Pump = Sequesters carbon by sinking organic matter in the ocean Pollination Syndrome = Traits that attract specific pollinators</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposer protists play in ecosystems?

<p>They break down organic matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In vascular plants, the sporophyte stage is the dominant generation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do phytoplankton do in the biological carbon pump?

<p>Fix atmospheric COâ‚‚ during photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the fusion of two haploid nuclei during sexual reproduction in fungi?

<p>Karyogamy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi reproduce solely through asexual means.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the apical meristem in plants?

<p>To facilitate primary growth at the tips of roots and shoots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main structure of a fungus that absorbs nutrients from the substrate is called the ______.

<p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Cuticle = Waxy covering that reduces water loss Myxotrophy = Combining autotrophy and heterotrophy Facultative Asexuality = Reproducing asexually and sexually based on conditions Secondary Endosymbiosis = Eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryote</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes absorptive heterotrophy?

<p>Organisms that secrete enzymes to breakdown organic material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cuticle on plants helps to increase water loss.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which a eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryote is called ______.

<p>secondary endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reproductive Isolation

The process where two populations become reproductively isolated and evolve into distinct species due to prolonged separation.

Geographic Isolation

The separation of populations by geographical barriers, such as mountains, rivers, or oceans, preventing gene flow.

Organismal Characteristics

The ability of an organism to move or disperse, influencing its likelihood of becoming geographically isolated.

Microevolution

Small-scale changes in allele frequencies within a population due to factors like natural selection or genetic drift.

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Macroevolution

Large-scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods, leading to the formation of new species and taxa.

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Autopolyploid Speciation

A type of speciation where an individual within a single species undergoes genome duplication, creating a polyploid organism, which is reproductively isolated from the parent population.

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Hybridization

The process of interbreeding between individuals from two distinct species or populations, resulting in offspring with a mix of genetic material.

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Reinforcement

The strengthening of prezygotic isolation mechanisms (barriers that prevent mating) due to reduced fitness of hybrids, leading to the maintenance of distinct species.

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Anagenesis

The gradual transformation of one species into another over time, resulting in a new species.

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Outgroup

A species or group less closely related to the group under study (ingroup) than the ingroup species are to each other. Used to distinguish shared derived traits from ancestral ones.

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Monophyletic Clade

A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

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Cladogenesis

Evolutionary branching where one lineage splits into two or more distinct species.

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Taxon

A taxonomic group of organisms at any level of classification (e.g., species, genus, family).

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Paraphyletic Clade

A group that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

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Phylogenetics

The study of evolutionary relationships among species or groups using data from morphology, genetics, or molecular biology.

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Polyphyletic Clade

A group including organisms with different ancestors, often based on convergent traits.

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Clade

A monophyletic group that includes an ancestor and all its descendants.

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Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

The movement of genetic material between organisms that are not related through reproduction.

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Branch Point/Node

Represents a common ancestor where a lineage splits into two or more lineages on a phylogenetic tree.

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Antibiotic Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce in the presence of antibiotics.

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Polytomy

A branch point on a phylogenetic tree where more than two lineages emerge, indicating unresolved relationships due to insufficient or conflicting data.

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Shared Derived Character (Synapomorphy)

Traits unique to a clade, not present in distant ancestors. Example: hair in mammals.

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Ingroup

The group of species being studied in a phylogenetic analysis, typically compared to an outgroup to identify derived traits.

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Shared Ancestral Character (Plesiomorphy)

Traits present in a common ancestor shared among many groups, including those outside the clade. Example: vertebrae in mammals and other vertebrates.

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Continental Drift

The gradual movement of continents over geological time due to plate tectonics, impacting species isolation, extinctions, and adaptive radiations.

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Mixotrophy

A nutritional strategy where organisms obtain energy from both inorganic sources (like sunlight) and organic sources (like consuming other organisms).

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Secondary Endosymbiosis

A process where a eukaryotic cell engulfs and incorporates another eukaryotic cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis, leading to the evolution of new cellular structures.

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Archaea

Prokaryotic organisms that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls, possess unique membrane lipids, and thrive in extreme environments.

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Endosymbiosis Theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that use inorganic sources of carbon, such as carbon dioxide, for their energy and carbon needs.

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain their energy and carbon by consuming other organisms.

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Bacteria

Prokaryotic organisms that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, exhibit diverse metabolic pathways, and play crucial roles in various ecosystems.

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Multicellularity

The state where cells within an organism are specialized for different functions and depend on each other for survival, characteristic of complex organisms like plants, animals, and fungi.

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Facultative Asexuality

The ability of some organisms to reproduce asexually under certain conditions, but can also reproduce sexually under other conditions. This flexibility allows them to adapt to changing environments.

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Absorptive Heterotrophy

A mode of nutrition where organisms secrete enzymes to break down organic matter and absorb the nutrients.

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Primary Productivity

The rate at which autotrophs capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into organic compounds. This sets the base for the food chain.

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Apical Meristem

Regions of actively dividing cells at the tips of roots and shoots in plants. These cells are responsible for the growth in length of the plant.

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Cuticle

A waxy, waterproof layer covering the epidermis of plants, helping to prevent water loss and protect against drying out.

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Mycelium

The mass of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus. It grows through and absorbs nutrients from the substrate.

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Protists as Primary Producers

Algae, the primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, convert sunlight into energy, forming the base of aquatic food webs.

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Protists as Decomposers

Some protists, like fungi, break down dead organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem.

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Protists as Symbionts

Certain protists, such as zooxanthellae living within coral, have mutually beneficial relationships with other organisms.

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Biological Carbon Pump

Phytoplankton, microscopic algae, capture atmospheric COâ‚‚ during photosynthesis. When they die or are consumed, their carbon sinks to the ocean floor, removing COâ‚‚ from the atmosphere and influencing Earth's climate.

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Alternation of Generations

Plants and some algae alternate between a diploid sporophyte generation, producing spores by meiosis, and a haploid gametophyte generation, producing gametes by mitosis. This cycle ensures genetic diversity.

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Dominant Generation

In the alternation of generations, the dominant generation refers to the stage that is larger and lives longer.

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Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma in plants, enabling fertilization and seed production.

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Study Notes

Reproductive Isolation

  • Prevents gene flow between populations, enabling independent evolution.
  • Fundamental to speciation.

Speciation

  • The process of one population splitting into two or more distinct species.
  • Driven by genetic divergence and reproductive isolation.

Divergence

  • Accumulation of genetic differences between populations.
  • Often driven by environmental pressures, mutation, or genetic drift.
  • Can lead to speciation.

Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

  • Prevent fertilization.
  • Examples:
    • Temporal isolation (mating at different times)
    • Behavioral isolation (different mating behaviors)
    • Mechanical isolation (incompatible reproductive organs)
    • Gametic isolation (incompatibility of sperm and egg)

Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

  • Prevent viable or fertile offspring after fertilization.
  • Examples:
    • Hybrid inviability (offspring fail to develop)
    • Hybrid sterility (offspring are sterile)
    • Hybrid breakdown (offspring of hybrids are weak or sterile)

Allopatry

  • Populations geographically separated, preventing gene flow.
  • Often leads to allopatric speciation.

Sympatry

  • Populations coexist in the same geographic area.
  • Can lead to speciation through mechanisms like behavioral isolation, or polyploidy.

Macroevolution

  • Evolutionary changes above the species level.
  • Includes taxa formation (e.g., genera, families).
  • Spans millions of years.

Polyploidy

  • Organisms with more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
  • Common speciation driver, especially in plants.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in phylogenetics, including species transformation, mass extinctions, and clades. This quiz covers fundamental relationships and evolutionary processes affecting species differentiation and population changes.

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