Phylogenetics Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes the gradual transformation of one species into another?

  • Taxon
  • Cladogenesis (correct)
  • Phylogenetics
  • Clade

    • A polytomy represents a branch point where only two lineages emerge.

    False

    What is the primary study focus of phylogenetics?

    The study of evolutionary relationships among species using morphology, genetics, or molecular biology.

    The gradual movement of continents over geological time is known as __________.

    <p>Continental Drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the causes of mass extinctions with their descriptions:

    <p>Volcanic eruptions = Catastrophic events causing significant environmental changes Asteroid impacts = Catastrophic events leading to widespread extinction Climate change = Environmental changes that destabilize ecosystems Emergence of new predators = Biological factors that lead to species decline or extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clade?

    <p>A group that includes an ancestor and all its descendants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ingroup is the group of species being studied in phylogenetic analysis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can mass extinction events affect the evolution of surviving organisms?

    <p>They eliminate large numbers of species, opening ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the creation of distinct species over time?

    <p>Reproductive isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A large bird capable of flying long distances is likely to become isolated by a small river.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for small-scale changes within a population?

    <p>Microevolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autopolyploid speciation occurs when an individual within a single species undergoes ______, creating a polyploid organism.

    <p>genome duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios leads to reinforcement?

    <p>Hybrid offspring with reduced fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of traits does an outgroup help to identify within the ingroup?

    <p>Shared derived traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If two distinct species interbreed successfully, it is called ______.

    <p>hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes to their definitions:

    <p>Microevolution = Small-scale changes within a population Reinforcement = Strengthening of prezygotic isolating mechanisms Fusion = Merging of two species back into one Autopolyploid Speciation = Genome duplication within a single species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A paraphyletic clade includes all descendants of a common ancestor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fusion occurs when reproductive barriers between two species are strong.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?

    <p>To facilitate the movement of genetic material between organisms without reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hair in mammals is an example of a ______ trait.

    <p>shared derived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of clade with its description:

    <p>Monophyletic = Includes a common ancestor and all its descendants Paraphyletic = Includes a common ancestor and some descendants Polyphyletic = Includes groups with different ancestors Diversity = Wide range of different traits and characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples illustrates a polyphyletic clade?

    <p>Grouping of bats and birds due to flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotic resistance in bacteria can only be acquired through mutations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of characters are shared ancestral characters?

    <p>Traits present in a common ancestor and shared by multiple groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is multicellularity characterized by?

    <p>Specialized and interdependent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixotrophy is a nutritional strategy that involves only heterotrophy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are involved in the process of secondary endosymbiosis?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyanobacteria produced oxygen through __________, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event.

    <p>photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nutritional modes with their definitions:

    <p>Autotrophs = Use inorganic sources of carbon Heterotrophs = Use organic carbon sources Photoautotrophs = Use light energy Chemoheterotrophs = Use organic molecules for energy and carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about prokaryotes?

    <p>They can metabolize a wide range of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All domains of life share unique metabolic pathways.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ecological role do nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, play?

    <p>Making atmospheric nitrogen available to plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about organelles is accurate?

    <p>Organelles can divide independently of the host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Algae are primary producers in terrestrial ecosystems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of zooxanthellae in coral ecosystems?

    <p>Mutualistic relationships with coral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, the ________ stage is dominant in nonvascular plants like mosses.

    <p>gametophyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Diffusion = Limits the size of unicellular organisms due to inefficiency over large distances Pollination = Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma Biological Carbon Pump = Sequesters carbon by sinking organic matter in the ocean Pollination Syndrome = Traits that attract specific pollinators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do decomposer protists play in ecosystems?

    <p>They break down organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In vascular plants, the sporophyte stage is the dominant generation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phytoplankton do in the biological carbon pump?

    <p>Fix atmospheric CO₂ during photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the fusion of two haploid nuclei during sexual reproduction in fungi?

    <p>Karyogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi reproduce solely through asexual means.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the apical meristem in plants?

    <p>To facilitate primary growth at the tips of roots and shoots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main structure of a fungus that absorbs nutrients from the substrate is called the ______.

    <p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Cuticle = Waxy covering that reduces water loss Myxotrophy = Combining autotrophy and heterotrophy Facultative Asexuality = Reproducing asexually and sexually based on conditions Secondary Endosymbiosis = Eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes absorptive heterotrophy?

    <p>Organisms that secrete enzymes to breakdown organic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cuticle on plants helps to increase water loss.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which a eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryote is called ______.

    <p>secondary endosymbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive Isolation

    • Prevents gene flow between populations, enabling independent evolution.
    • Fundamental to speciation.

    Speciation

    • The process of one population splitting into two or more distinct species.
    • Driven by genetic divergence and reproductive isolation.

    Divergence

    • Accumulation of genetic differences between populations.
    • Often driven by environmental pressures, mutation, or genetic drift.
    • Can lead to speciation.

    Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms

    • Prevent fertilization.
    • Examples:
      • Temporal isolation (mating at different times)
      • Behavioral isolation (different mating behaviors)
      • Mechanical isolation (incompatible reproductive organs)
      • Gametic isolation (incompatibility of sperm and egg)

    Postzygotic Isolating Mechanisms

    • Prevent viable or fertile offspring after fertilization.
    • Examples:
      • Hybrid inviability (offspring fail to develop)
      • Hybrid sterility (offspring are sterile)
      • Hybrid breakdown (offspring of hybrids are weak or sterile)

    Allopatry

    • Populations geographically separated, preventing gene flow.
    • Often leads to allopatric speciation.

    Sympatry

    • Populations coexist in the same geographic area.
    • Can lead to speciation through mechanisms like behavioral isolation, or polyploidy.

    Macroevolution

    • Evolutionary changes above the species level.
    • Includes taxa formation (e.g., genera, families).
    • Spans millions of years.

    Polyploidy

    • Organisms with more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
    • Common speciation driver, especially in plants.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts in phylogenetics, including species transformation, mass extinctions, and clades. This quiz covers fundamental relationships and evolutionary processes affecting species differentiation and population changes.

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