Biology Flashcards PDF

# Biology Flashcards ## Terms and Definitions | No | Term | Definition | |---|---|---| | 1 | fossil record shows.. | | | 2 | macroevolution changes over large time scales include... | | | 3 | macroevolutionary changes over large time scales | the origin of photosynthesis and the development of a...

# Biology Flashcards ## Terms and Definitions | No | Term | Definition | |---|---|---| | 1 | fossil record shows.. | | | 2 | macroevolution changes over large time scales include... | | | 3 | macroevolutionary changes over large time scales | the origin of photosynthesis and the development of abundant oxygen in the atmosphere starting around 2 billion years ago. | | 4 | The atmosphere is composed of: | 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon dioxide and other trace elements | | 5 | earths formation | 4.6 billion years ago | | 6 | Earth's early atmosphere contained | water vapor and chemicals released by volcanic eruptions such as nitrogen, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfate) the most common was carbon dioxide. | | 7 | Where did water come from? | partially outgassing, and the inside of the earth from minerals, rocks, ect. as well as comets who came to earth | | 8 | comets are practically what? | dirty snow balls | | 9 | primordial pools | the formation of organic molecules/ where life is thought to began | | 10 | primordial pools were composed of.. | water, energy (from volanism, the sun, lightning) and gases | | 11 | early atmosphere was ?? | a reducing environment according to oparin and haldane | | 12 | reducing environment | oxidation is prevelant, removal of oxygen(add electron) | | 13 | reactive environment | oxygen and water allow chemical reactions to take place | | 14 | Stanley Miller and Harold Urey | preformed experiments that showed abiotic synthesis | | 15 | stanley miller and harold ureys experiment... | made purines, pyrimidines, sugars, and many amino acids. (can be made without life) | | 16 | the lack of oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide is good for what? | the development of organic material and life on earth. | | 17 | deep sea vents | another place that is a possible origin of life | | 18 | oxygen does what to our cells? | makes them age | | 19 | The first genetic material on Earth was probably | RNA | | 20 | ribrozymes have been found to..... | catalyze different reactions. and are auto catalytics | | 21 | riboxyme | an RNA molecule capable of acting as an enzyme | | 22 | why did we switch to DNA from RNA? | DNA replicated with less erorrs/mutations than RNA and is more chemically stable | | 23 | definition of life | organisms that obtain bioinformational molecules | | 24 | tenet of biology | Nature takes what is already there and modifies it | | 25 | what did life most likely start with? | virus' | | 26 | DNA is in nature. | 90% bacterial | | 27 | blood and interstitial fluid is similar to....? | sea water | | 28 | fossil records are... | document of lifes history and the first evidence of change throughout time | | 29 | sedimentary rocks are deposited into layers called what? | strata | | 30 | Strata are? | the richest source of fossils | | 31 | evolution is life from | less complex to more complex | | 32 | relative dating | using the strata to determine estimated ages of fossils .... older= deeper | | 33 | radiometric dating | when radioactive decay is used to determine the exact ages of fossils | | 34 | radioactive decay | when a parent isotope decays to a daughter isotope at a constant rate. the ratio is determined by the loss of a parent isotope and the accumulation of a daulter isotope | | 35 | relationship between a daughter and parent isotope | parent isotope decreases over time daughter isotope increased over time | | 36 | elements come from where? | stars | | 37 | half life | The time required for one half of the parent isotope decay | | 38 | carbon dating | a form of radiometric dating, uses the ratio of carbon 12 and 14 the less carbon 14 there is, the older the fossil is. | | 39 | First single celled organisms | cyanobacteria at 3.5 billion years ago | | 40 | cyanobacteria were... | the earliest contributers to the formation of earths oxidizing atmosphere. | | 41 | Stromatolites are | fossils/rock like structures composed of many layers of cyanobacteria and sediment | | 42 | prokaryotes were the sole inhabitants of earth from ...? | 3.5 to 2.1 million years ago | | 43 | oldest eukaryotic cell fossil date back to... | 2.1 billion years ago | | 44 | hypothesis of endosymbiosis | proposes that mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger host cells | | 45 | Endosymbiosis | a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another | | 46 | origion of multiceulluarity | 2nd wave of diversity came when multiceullularity evolved and gave rise to plants, algae, fungi and plants | | 47 | Earliest multicellular eukaryotes | 1.2 billion years ago | | 48 | Snow Ball Earth Hypothesis | periods of extreme glaciation confined life to the equitorial region or deep sea vents from 750-550 million years ago. snow ball events set the stage for the cambrian radiation | | 49 | ediacran biota | assemblage of larger and more soft-bodied organisms | | 50 | Ediacaran Period | the time period where organisms developed with symmetry and were soft-bodied. | | 51 | Cambrian Radiation (explosion) | sudden appearance of fossils resembling modern phyla in the Cambrian period. | | 52 | Cambrian radiation had the Ist evidence of what? | predator and prey interactions and shelled creatures. | | 53 | The colonization of land | plants and fungi colonized land together about 475 million years ago followed by arthropods | | 54 | Tetrapods evolved from the group of fishes. | lobed-finned | | 55 | Carboniferous Period | increased atmospheric oxygen. large anthropoids and amphibians with extensive coal forests existed at this time | | 56 | unifying theory of geology | plate tectonic theory | | 57 | Geology is important because | it allows life to exist | | 58 | unifying theory of biology | theory of evolution | | 59 | evolution is | change in allele frequency over time | | 60 | consequences of continental drift | formation of the supercontinent pangaea which had many affects when continents converged: - reduction of intertidal and costal habitats - dramatic climate change in land -geology has great influence on the evolution of life | | 61 | Theories for mass extinction | 1. climate change 2.volcanic flows/super volcanoes 3.disease 4.plants changing 5.changes in ocean and freshwater chemistry 6.plate techtonics - dramatic environmental changes 7. impact theory- meteroites and comets crashing into earth and causing debris to block the sun | | 62 | mass extinction is always | multicausal | | 63 | Major changes in body form can result from | changes in the sequences and regulation of developmental genes | | 64 | heterochrony | Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development. | | 65 | homeotic genes | Genes that determine basic features of where a body part is. | | 66 | Hox genes | type of homeotic gene, provide positional information in animals | | 67 | the evolution form invertebrates to vertebrates is associated with what? | alternations in hox genes | | 68 | evolutionary ancestors had | less hox genes | | 69 | modern organisms have relatively _ bodies | complex | | 70 | Evolutionary novelties | Most novel biological structures evolve in many stages from previously existing structures | | 71 | exaptions | structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function | | 72 | Classifications | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | | 73 | Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | | 74 | what could have given rise to the domains? | viruses | | 75 | monophyletic group | group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants. also known as a clade | | 76 | paraphyletic group | composed of some but not all members descending from a common ancestor | | 77 | polyphyletic group | a group that does not include its most common ancestor | | 78 | Homology | similarity in structure | | 79 | analogus structures | Body parts that share a common function, but not structure | | 80 | Protists | the informal name of the kingdom of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes | | 81 | most protist are mostly what? | unicellular eukaryotes | | 82 | some species of Protists can be | colonial or multicellular | | 83 | protists can be... | photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrops | | 84 | Photoautotrophic | organism that uses energy from sunlight to feed themselves | | 85 | Heterotrophic | Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms. | | 86 | Mixotrophs | combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition | | 87 | Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic | There is now considerable evidence that much protist diversity has its origins in endosymbiosis | | 88 | 5 supergroups of eukaryotes | 1. Excavata 2. Chromalveolata 3. Rhizaria 4. Archaeplastida 5. Unikonta | | 89 | Excavata includes | diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans | | 90 | Chromaleveolata includes | dinoflaggellants, apicomplexans, cilates, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes | | 91 | Rhizaria includes | foraminiferans and radiolarians | | 92 | Archeaplastida includes | red algae, chlorphytes, charophyceans, and land plants | | 93 | Unikonta includes | slime molds, gymnamoebas, entamoebas, nulcearids, fungi, chanoflagellants, and animals | | 94 | Excavata are characterized by | their cytoskeleton | | 95 | diplomads | have mitrochondria called mitosomes, derive energy anaerobically, have 2 equal sized nuclei and multiple flagella and are often parasites (excavata) | | 96 | parabasalids | Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes that generate some energy anaerobically and have undulating membranes (excavata) | | 97 | Euglenozoans | mixotrophs, they are diverse and invlude prederatory heterotrophs, photoautotrophs and pathogenic parasites, have a distinctive crystaline rode and include kinetoplastics and eulenids (excavata) | | 98 | Kinoplastids | (euglenozoan) single mitochondrian and organized mass of dna called kinetoplast, includes trypoanosoma which causes sleep sickeness, frequent changes in surface protein prevents host from devloping immunity | | 99 | Euglenids | (euglenozoa) have 1 or 2 flagella, they are mixotrophs and contain choloroplasts | | 100 | Chromaleveolata | monophyletic and originated by secodary symbiosis. it is a controversial clade that includes: alveolates and stramenopiles | | 101 | propossed endosymbiont of chromalveolata | red alga | | 102 | Alveolata | have membrane bound sacs called alveoli just under the plasma membrane and includes dinoflaggelates, apicomplexans, and ciliates (chromalveolata) | | 103 | Dinoflagellates | auquatic hetero and mixotrophs, each has a characteristic shape that ris reinforced by internal plates cellulose and chlorophyll, they have 2 flagella that cause them to seim while moving through water. (alveolates) | | 104 | What causes toxic red tides | dinoflagellate blooms | | 105 | Apicomplexans | are all parasitic, and some cause serious human diseases. have a special organells for penetrating host, have asexual and sexual stages (alveolata) | | 106 | apicoplexan plasmodium | the parasite that causes malaria, continually changes its surface proteins, requires both mosquito and human to complete its life cycle. | | 107 | Ciliates | A group of protozoans that are named by and move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia. have large macronuclei and small micronuclei and are relatively complex (aveolates) | | 108 | Stramenophiles | include several groups of heterotrophs and some algae. most have hairy and smooth flagellum. includes: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae. (chromalveolata) | | 109 | Diatoms | A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica, usually produce asexually and ocassionally sexually, major component of phytoplankton (stramenopiles)| | 110 | Golden algae | named for their color, which results from their yellow and brown carotenoids, typically biflagellated, photosynthetic and some mixotrophs, unicellular but some are colonial. (stramenopila) | | 111 | brown algae | largest and most complex algae | | 112 | oomyceytes | once considered a fungi based on morphology, most are decomposers or parasites, have filaments called hyphae to facilitate nutrient uptake, great ecological impact (stramenopila) | | 113 | Rhizaria | diverse group of protists defined by dna simlarites, a monophyletic group. move and feed by psedopodia. include forams and roadiolarians | | 114 | Forams | have porous multi chambered shells made of organic material and hard calcium carbonate, called tests. (rhizaria)| | 115 | radiolarians | marine protists that have tests fused into one delicate piece usually made of silica (rhizaria) | | 116 | archeaplastia | super group that contains red algae, green algae, and land plants | | 117 | red algae | red color due to photosynthetic pigment called: phycoerthrin (masks the green of chlorophyll) multicellular sexual reproduction (archeplastida) | | 118 | Green algae | named for their grass-green chloroplasts, land plants are descended from them 2 groups: chlorphytes and charophyceans | | 119 | Unikonta | super group that includes animals, fungi, and some protists related to each other. amoebozoans, nuclearids, fungi, choanflagellates, and animals | | 120 | Amoebozoans | A protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia. includes gymnaomoebas, entamoebas and slime molds | | 121 | slime molds | "Mycetozoans"; were once thought to be fungi. 2 types: plasmodial and cellular Clade- Amoebozoa | | 122 | plasmodial slime molds | undivided by membranes and contain many diploid nuclei, extends psuedopodia through decomosing material | | 123 | cellular slime molds | form multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes. usually feed individually but can form a fruiting body to produce spores. | | 124 | Gymnamoebas | Common unicellular amoebozoans in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments Most are heterotrophic | | 125 | Entamoebas | parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates | | 126 | what causes amebic disintery in humans? | entamoeba histolytica | | 127 | Protists play key roles in ecological _ | relationships | | 128 | many protists are important _ | that obtain their | from the | producers, energy, sun | | 129 | in aquatic environments who are the main producers? | photosynthetic protists and prokaryotes | | 130 | Differences between fungi and plants | -fungi have no chlorophyll -fungi are heterotrophic -fungi have fruiting bodies that allow them to produce spores | | 131 | fungi along with bacteria are what? | the principle decomposers in the biosphere | | 132 | cellulose and lignin | can only be broken down by fungi | | 133 | how do fungi get their nutrients? | heterotrophy | | 134 | process of obtaining nutriets in fungi | use enzymes called exoenzymes to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds to be used as a food source. | | 135 | fungi can be... | decomposers, parasites, mutualists | | 136 | most common body structures of fungi | multicellular filaments (mushrooms) and single cells (yeasts) | | 137 | mycelia (mycelium) | The collective mass of hyphae filaments (usually underground) | | 138 | Cell walls of fungi are made of | chitin | | 139 | Chitin is a | mucopolysaccaride | | 140 | Mushrooms are | hyphae coming out to create a fruiting body for reprouction | | 141 | are all hyphae continuous? | no, some are continuous but some are seperated by septa | | 142 | mychorrhizae | mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots | | 143 | ectomycorrihizal fungi | form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex | | 144 | endomycorrhizal fungi | fungi that extend their hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane | | 145 | endomycorrhizal fungi are also called. what? | abuscular mycorrizal fungi | | 146 | how fungi communicate their mating type | fungi use sexually signaling molecules called phermones to communicate their mating type | | 147 | plasmogamy | the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia | | 148 | heterokaryon | A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell. | | 149 | karyogamy | Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus (zygote) | | 150 | Fungi Groups | cytrids, zygomycete, glomeromycete, ascomycete, basidiomycete | | 151 | Chytrids (Chytridiomycota) | Mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated spores that may represent the most ancestral final lineage. | | 152 | the flagellated spores of chytrids are called? | zoospores | | 153 | chytrids are powerful decomposers..... | they can digest cellulose chitin and keratin | | 154 | chytrids contribute to the decline of what group? | amphibians | | 155 | disease that causes cutaneous chytridiomyosis in frogs | bactrachochytrium, dedrobatatis | | 156 | Zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota) | named for their sexually producing zygosporangium | | 157 | zygosporangium are... | resistant to unfavorable conditions | | 158 | black bread mold | Rhizopus stolonifer | | 159 | reproductive structure in zygomycetes | zygospore | | 160 | Glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) | once considered zygomycetes, form arbuscular mycorrhizae | | 161 | 2 types of mycorrhizae | Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae (aka arbuscular mycorrhizae) | | 162 | arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | hyphae penetrate root cells and are most common, fungal partners are glomeromycetes | | 163 | endomycorrhizal fungi | hyphae surround root cells, fungal partners are basidiomycetes | | 164 | Ascomycetes (phylum Ascomycota) | defined by production of sexual spores in sac like asci, usually containing fuiting bodies called ascocarps | | 165 | another name for ascomycota | sac fungi | | 166 | Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by...? | enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia | | 167 | asexual spores of ascomycetes are called? | conidia | | 168 | most yeasts are ? | unicellular ascomycetes | | 169 | Basidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) | club fingi, mushrooms, puff balls, shelf fungi. defined by club-like structure called basidium. | | 170 | what basidiomycetes are called | club fungi | | 171 | fairy rings | a circular pattern of mushroom growth caused by mycellium spreading in a circular form from a central region where the spore lands, indicated by circular pattern of basidiocarps | | 172 | basidiocarp reproduction | in response to environmental stimuli the mycelium reproduces sexually by producing fruiting bodies called basidiocarps, there are numerous basidia in a basidiocarp that are the source of sexual spores called basidiospores. | | 173 | 4 different causes of disease | fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasites | | 174 | ways that fungi play key roles in nutrient cycling, ecological interactions and human welfare. | they are efficient decomposers and are essential for recycling chemical elements. | | 175 | Fungi as Mutualists | Fungi form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals | | 176 | Fungus-Plant Mutualisms | Mycorrhizae: mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and a plant root. endophytes live inside plants and make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens. | | 177 | Fungus-Animal Mutualisms | -fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals -Many species of ants use the digestive power of fungi by raising them in "farms" | | 178 | lichens | symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism usually a cyanobacteria or green algae | | 179 | most common fungi in a lichen | basidiomycete | | 180 | lichens can reproduce... | asexually or sexually | | 181 | how do lichens reproduce asexually? | by fragmentation or the formation of soredia, small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae | | 182 | fungi as pathogens | ~30% of fungal species are parasites or pathogens, mostly of plants but still in some animals | | 183 | general term for fungal infection in animals | mycosis | | 184 | examples of mycosis | athlete's foot, ringworm, coccidiomycosis (lung infection) | | 185 | most mycosis is from what type of fungi? | ascomycetes | | 186 | practical uses of fungi | -Humans eat many fungi -Produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections *Ascomycete Penicillium -genetic research of fungi is leading to applications in biotechnology | | 187 | what differentiates the types of fungi? | their methods of reproduction | | 188 | saprobic | feed on dead organic matter | | 189 | fungi are not autotropic but are, | heterotropic, decomposers, parasitic, saprobic, mutualistic. |