Biology Quiz on Digestion and Classification

Exam Information

• Date: Friday, January 24
• Time: 8:50 AM
• Location: Room 250
• Length: 2 hours

Exam Outline

• Scantron:
  • 45 multiple choice questions (45 marks)
  • 25 matching questions (25 marks)
• 4 short answer questions (3 mandatory) (25 marks)
• Labeling Diagrams (8 marks)
• Total: 103 marks

Hint

• All exam questions are covered in the PowerPoint.
• Some concepts are not on the exam.
• Refer to the images for concepts to ignore.

Genetic Processes

• A key topic of the exam.

Cell Cycle

• Another key aspect for study.

Genetic Material - DNA, RNA - Structures and Function

• DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA: Ribonucleic acid
• Nucleobases: Adenine, Thymine (DNA), Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil (RNA).
• Important to remember the base pairings (AT&T, CoGeco)

Interphase, Mitosis/Meiosis, Cytokinesis

• Key differences between mitosis and meiosis explained, including processes, results, and diagrams.
• Haploid and diploid cells (n and 2n) discussed.

Errors in Meiosis

• Non-disjunction leading to genetic disorders like Down's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome.

Human Chromosomes

• Total 46 chromosomes - 22 pairs of autosomes
• 2 sex chromosomes (XY for males and XX for females)

Mendelian Genetics

• The principles of inheritance described by Gregor Mendel.
• Diagrams showing genotypes (genetic makeup) and phenotypes (observable characteristics).
• Concepts include dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous, allele, gene, and Punnett squares

Monohybrid Cross

• A method of studying the inheritance of one trait.
• Showing the ratio of offspring phenotypes (yellow/green colour and genotype (YY/Yy/yy).

Non-Mendelian Genetics

• Patterns of inheritance not explained by Mendel's laws.
• Examples of incomplete dominance (e.g., pink roses) and codominance (e.g., red/white flowers).
• Inheritance of multiple alleles (e.g., blood types)

Biological Inheritance

• Pedigree analysis
• X-linked recessive traits

Genetic Diseases

• X-linked and autosomal diseases (e.g. Hemophilia, Sickle Cell Anemia)

Animal Structure and Function

• Overview of the animal structures and functions
• Different systems, and their key components are discussed

Parts of a Cell and their Functions

• Organelles (nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, mitochondrion, lysosome, Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum are discussed

Circulatory System

• Components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
• Function of each component is discussed (red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells are involved in the immune system).

Blood Vessels

• Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
• Their structure and function are discussed.

Heart Structures and Function

• Anatomy of the heart and function of different parts (atria, ventricles, valves etc.)

Heart Conduction System

• System that enables the heart to contract and to pump blood.
• Key points like SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS (right and left bundle) etc

Systemic Circulation, Cardiac Circulation, Pulmonary Circulation

• Descriptions and diagrams on blood flow
• Oxygenated and Deoxygenated blood are discussed

Blood Pressure

• Measurement and related terms like systolic, diastolic, mean
• How a sphygmomanometer works.

Cardiac Technologies and Diseases

• Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) for heart conditions.
• Heart murmurs explained.

Respiratory System

• Key organs and their functions (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm) described and their function.

Respiration

• 2 main requirements for respiration - respiratory surface (and their large surface area), moist environment.
• Breathing Mechanisms: inhalation and exhalation discussed and compared.

Lung Capacity

• Different Volumes and Capacities.
• How a spirometer works.

Respiratory Disorders

• Diseases like COPD, emphysema, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary fibrosis

Digestive System

• Key digestive organs discussed and their functions (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and accessory organs)

Accessory Organs

• Gallbladder, liver, pancreas
• Role in digestion (bile production, enzyme release).

Enzymes and Nutrients

• Role of enzymes in digestion are discussed for different macronutrients
• Different macronutrients for energy or building the body tissues.

Why do we need to eat vegetables?

• Differences between soluble and insoluble fibre, their benefits

Digestive Disorders

• Hiatal hernia, GERD, peptic ulcers etc.

Diversity of Living Things (Taxonomy)

• The six kingdoms (Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) - distinguishing features (cell type, cell number, feeding type, and location).
• Key characteristics of each kingdom are included.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

• Key Differences are discussed, in tabulated form.
• DNA structure, organelles, reproduction, and size.

Archaea vs Bacteria

• Characteristics to differentiate, including features.

Gram Positive vs. Negative Bacteria

• Structural differences (peptidoglycan).

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

• Differentiating and distinctive characteristics
• Major animal phyla are discussed

Binomial Nomenclature

• Levels of Classification (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species).
• Example classification of a red fox included.

Dichotomous Keys

• How to use dichotomous keys for identification.
• Simple examples.

Viruses

• Structure and Reproduction.
• Diagrams including the lytic and lysogenic cycles are included.

Plants

• Key plant characteristics discussed
• Distinguishing parts of a flower.

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

• Differences and similarities between gymnosperms (e.g. pine, spruce) and angiosperms (e.g., roses, lilies, etc.)
• Reproduction, structure, and important characteristics of each are discussed.

Evolution

• Evidence for evolution (fossils, anatomy, embryology, DNA).
• Similarities and differences are discussed
• Charles Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck highlighted.
• Lamarck's theory and Darwin's theory (natural selection) contrasted.

Microevolution

• Changes in gene frequencies, within a population.
• Genetic drift (bottleneck effect and founder effect) and gene flow discussed.

Macroevolution - Speciation

• Reproductive barriers (prezygotic and post-zygotic) to form new species
• Sympatric vs. allopatric speciation are compared.