Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
- C, H, O, S
- C, O, H, Na
- C, N, H, P
- C, N, O, H (correct)
What structural feature developed during the evolution from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells?
What structural feature developed during the evolution from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells?
- Nuclear membranes (correct)
- Cell wall
- Ribosomes
- Chloroplasts
For a reaction with delta H = 23 kJ/mol and delta S = 22 J/kmol at 2 degrees Celsius, what can be inferred about the reaction's spontaneity?
For a reaction with delta H = 23 kJ/mol and delta S = 22 J/kmol at 2 degrees Celsius, what can be inferred about the reaction's spontaneity?
- The reaction is at equilibrium.
- The reaction is spontaneous.
- The reaction is nonspontaneous. (correct)
- The reaction is reversible.
Which type of noncovalent interaction is considered the strongest?
Which type of noncovalent interaction is considered the strongest?
How many atoms in one urea molecule can act as hydrogen bond acceptors?
How many atoms in one urea molecule can act as hydrogen bond acceptors?
What is primarily the role of DNA Pol 1 in a prokaryotic replisome?
What is primarily the role of DNA Pol 1 in a prokaryotic replisome?
Which factor is responsible for recognizing the promoter in prokaryotic transcription?
Which factor is responsible for recognizing the promoter in prokaryotic transcription?
What type of mutation can result from the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides?
What type of mutation can result from the insertion or deletion of one or two nucleotides?
Which structural feature is not found in tRNA?
Which structural feature is not found in tRNA?
What links the correct amino acid to its specific tRNA?
What links the correct amino acid to its specific tRNA?
What is the role of the start codon during translation in prokaryotes?
What is the role of the start codon during translation in prokaryotes?
Which of the following describes the order of steps in the elongation phase of protein synthesis?
Which of the following describes the order of steps in the elongation phase of protein synthesis?
What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?
What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?
During which phase of translation does the A site of the ribosome play a crucial role?
During which phase of translation does the A site of the ribosome play a crucial role?
Among the following, which statement correctly describes the structure of all tRNAs?
Among the following, which statement correctly describes the structure of all tRNAs?
What is the function of the elongation factor EF-G during translation?
What is the function of the elongation factor EF-G during translation?
Which strand of DNA serves as the template during transcription?
Which strand of DNA serves as the template during transcription?
Which restriction enzyme produces blunt end fragments?
Which restriction enzyme produces blunt end fragments?
What percentage of cytosine residues is present if adenine (A) and thymine (T) are both 12%?
What percentage of cytosine residues is present if adenine (A) and thymine (T) are both 12%?
Which statement accurately describes why RNA can store genetic information?
Which statement accurately describes why RNA can store genetic information?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement of genetic material?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement of genetic material?
What characteristic of B-DNA allows for protein binding that regulates transcription?
What characteristic of B-DNA allows for protein binding that regulates transcription?
What enhances the high fidelity of DNA Polymerase I in synthesizing new DNA?
What enhances the high fidelity of DNA Polymerase I in synthesizing new DNA?
Which of the following statements about DNA Polymerase III is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about DNA Polymerase III is TRUE?
Which statement regarding the fidelity of replication is FALSE?
Which statement regarding the fidelity of replication is FALSE?
If a new DNA polymerase exhibits high processivity and low fidelity, which of the following is likely true?
If a new DNA polymerase exhibits high processivity and low fidelity, which of the following is likely true?
What is the primary role of proteoglycans in tissues like cartilage?
What is the primary role of proteoglycans in tissues like cartilage?
Which of the following statements about bacterial cell walls is true?
Which of the following statements about bacterial cell walls is true?
In N-linked glycosylation, to which amino acid is N-acetylglucosamine attached?
In N-linked glycosylation, to which amino acid is N-acetylglucosamine attached?
What is the structural feature of lipids that makes them generally insoluble in water?
What is the structural feature of lipids that makes them generally insoluble in water?
Which type of glycosylation occurs at serine or threonine residues?
Which type of glycosylation occurs at serine or threonine residues?
Which component of lipids is primarily involved in biological membranes?
Which component of lipids is primarily involved in biological membranes?
What is a key function of selectins in the immune system?
What is a key function of selectins in the immune system?
What molecular architecture do proteoglycans exhibit?
What molecular architecture do proteoglycans exhibit?
What is the primary role of glycosaminoglycans in the body?
What is the primary role of glycosaminoglycans in the body?
What characterizes the structure of hyaluronate?
What characterizes the structure of hyaluronate?
What is a significant property of heparin?
What is a significant property of heparin?
What effect does low shear stress have on the viscosity of hyaluronate?
What effect does low shear stress have on the viscosity of hyaluronate?
How do tetanus and botulinum toxins affect SNARE proteins?
How do tetanus and botulinum toxins affect SNARE proteins?
What structural feature distinguishes glycosaminoglycans from other polysaccharides?
What structural feature distinguishes glycosaminoglycans from other polysaccharides?
Pectin serves a role similar to glycosaminoglycans in animals. What is its primary feature?
Pectin serves a role similar to glycosaminoglycans in animals. What is its primary feature?
What is the main function of biofilms produced by bacteria?
What is the main function of biofilms produced by bacteria?
What occurs during the first stage of virus-mediated membrane fusion?
What occurs during the first stage of virus-mediated membrane fusion?
What is the primary energy storage form in animals?
What is the primary energy storage form in animals?
Which type of fatty acids contains cis double bonds that lower their melting points?
Which type of fatty acids contains cis double bonds that lower their melting points?
Which statement correctly describes the structure of a phospholipid bilayer?
Which statement correctly describes the structure of a phospholipid bilayer?
What is the primary role of cholesterol in animal cells?
What is the primary role of cholesterol in animal cells?
Which of the following is NOT a type of steroid hormone derived from cholesterol?
Which of the following is NOT a type of steroid hormone derived from cholesterol?
Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following correctly describes a characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
What factors determine whether a reaction is spontaneous at a given temperature?
What factors determine whether a reaction is spontaneous at a given temperature?
What role do the hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms in urea serve in chemical interactions?
What role do the hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms in urea serve in chemical interactions?
Which statement best explains the hydrophobic effect in biological systems?
Which statement best explains the hydrophobic effect in biological systems?
Which statement about ionic interactions is true in comparison to other noncovalent interactions?
Which statement about ionic interactions is true in comparison to other noncovalent interactions?
What property of a buffer system primarily allows it to resist changes in pH?
What property of a buffer system primarily allows it to resist changes in pH?
What role do single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB) play during DNA replication?
What role do single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB) play during DNA replication?
Which statement accurately describes the function of the Tus protein during DNA replication in E. coli?
Which statement accurately describes the function of the Tus protein during DNA replication in E. coli?
What sequence of events characterizes the role of transfer RNA during protein synthesis?
What sequence of events characterizes the role of transfer RNA during protein synthesis?
How are nucleotides linked together in nucleic acids?
How are nucleotides linked together in nucleic acids?
What percentage of cytosine residues is expected if adenine and thymine are each 12%?
What percentage of cytosine residues is expected if adenine and thymine are each 12%?
Which statement correctly describes the capability of RNA in genetic information?
Which statement correctly describes the capability of RNA in genetic information?
What characterizes the major groove of B-DNA?
What characterizes the major groove of B-DNA?
Why does DNA Polymerase I exhibit high fidelity during DNA synthesis?
Why does DNA Polymerase I exhibit high fidelity during DNA synthesis?
Which statement about DNA Polymerase III is TRUE?
Which statement about DNA Polymerase III is TRUE?
Which statement about fidelity of DNA replication is FALSE?
Which statement about fidelity of DNA replication is FALSE?
What does the presence of 5' to 3' exonuclease activity in a new DNA polymerase suggest?
What does the presence of 5' to 3' exonuclease activity in a new DNA polymerase suggest?
Why are certain amino acids referred to as 'L' amino acids?
Why are certain amino acids referred to as 'L' amino acids?
Which amino acids are known to absorb strongly at 280 nm in the UV region?
Which amino acids are known to absorb strongly at 280 nm in the UV region?
Which physical characteristic is typically not considered in protein separation methods?
Which physical characteristic is typically not considered in protein separation methods?
What type of bond links the two peptides mentioned in the diagram?
What type of bond links the two peptides mentioned in the diagram?
What is the primary reason SDS-PAGE separates proteins?
What is the primary reason SDS-PAGE separates proteins?
Which type of linkage occurs between an amino acid and its corresponding tRNA?
Which type of linkage occurs between an amino acid and its corresponding tRNA?
Which statement about the alpha helix is not true?
Which statement about the alpha helix is not true?
What stabilizes beta sheets most effectively?
What stabilizes beta sheets most effectively?
Which of the following forces do not contribute to protein stabilization?
Which of the following forces do not contribute to protein stabilization?
What role do molecular chaperones play in protein structure dynamics?
What role do molecular chaperones play in protein structure dynamics?
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?
What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotic translation?
Which site of the ribosome binds the new incoming amino acid-tRNA during elongation?
Which site of the ribosome binds the new incoming amino acid-tRNA during elongation?
How does polypeptide synthesis progress in terms of direction?
How does polypeptide synthesis progress in terms of direction?
What occurs at the ribosome when a stop codon is encountered?
What occurs at the ribosome when a stop codon is encountered?
What is the correct sequence of steps during the elongation phase of protein synthesis?
What is the correct sequence of steps during the elongation phase of protein synthesis?
What is the role of the 30S ribosomal subunit in prokaryotes?
What is the role of the 30S ribosomal subunit in prokaryotes?
Which feature is essential for proper ribosome positioning of tRNAs?
Which feature is essential for proper ribosome positioning of tRNAs?
What is the function of elongation factor EF-G in translation?
What is the function of elongation factor EF-G in translation?
What aspect of buffers determines their capacity to resist pH changes?
What aspect of buffers determines their capacity to resist pH changes?
Which function does single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB) serve during DNA replication?
Which function does single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB) serve during DNA replication?
What is the role of the primer in DNA replication?
What is the role of the primer in DNA replication?
How does the Tus protein contribute to the termination of replication in E. coli?
How does the Tus protein contribute to the termination of replication in E. coli?
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?
Which statement accurately describes how unsaturated fatty acids differ from saturated fatty acids?
Which statement accurately describes how unsaturated fatty acids differ from saturated fatty acids?
Which of the following best explains the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
Which of the following best explains the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?
Which functional group is characteristic of steroid hormones derived from cholesterol?
Which functional group is characteristic of steroid hormones derived from cholesterol?
What feature of the phospholipid bilayer contributes to its fluidity?
What feature of the phospholipid bilayer contributes to its fluidity?
What explains the fidelity of DNA polymerase 1 during DNA synthesis?
What explains the fidelity of DNA polymerase 1 during DNA synthesis?
Which of the following statements regarding DNA polymerase 3 is true?
Which of the following statements regarding DNA polymerase 3 is true?
Why is RNA capable of storing genetic information?
Why is RNA capable of storing genetic information?
Which statement about the major groove in B-DNA is accurate?
Which statement about the major groove in B-DNA is accurate?
What statement accurately reflects a requirement of genetic material?
What statement accurately reflects a requirement of genetic material?
Which of the following statements about the fidelity of DNA replication is false?
Which of the following statements about the fidelity of DNA replication is false?
What characteristic allows a new DNA polymerase to have high processivity but low fidelity?
What characteristic allows a new DNA polymerase to have high processivity but low fidelity?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of exonuclease activity in DNA duplication?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of exonuclease activity in DNA duplication?
What is the main structural unit that contributes to the rigidity of bacterial cell walls?
What is the main structural unit that contributes to the rigidity of bacterial cell walls?
Which of the following correctly describes the consequence of penicillin's mechanism of action?
Which of the following correctly describes the consequence of penicillin's mechanism of action?
What role do selectins play in the immune system?
What role do selectins play in the immune system?
Which type of glycosylation involves attaching sugars stepwise and post-translationally to serine or threonine residues?
Which type of glycosylation involves attaching sugars stepwise and post-translationally to serine or threonine residues?
Which feature characterizes the molecular architecture of proteoglycans?
Which feature characterizes the molecular architecture of proteoglycans?
What aspect of lipids contributes to their solubility in organic solvents but not in water?
What aspect of lipids contributes to their solubility in organic solvents but not in water?
What is the primary role of glycosylation in proteins?
What is the primary role of glycosylation in proteins?
Which of the following statements about fatty acids is true?
Which of the following statements about fatty acids is true?
What defines the structural feature of glycosaminoglycans?
What defines the structural feature of glycosaminoglycans?
Which of the following accurately describes hyaluronate's behavior under varying shear states?
Which of the following accurately describes hyaluronate's behavior under varying shear states?
What is the primary function of heparin in mammalian tissues?
What is the primary function of heparin in mammalian tissues?
Which statement correctly describes pectin's composition?
Which statement correctly describes pectin's composition?
What unique characteristic do sulfated glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, have?
What unique characteristic do sulfated glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, have?
What role do bacterial polysaccharides play in biofilms?
What role do bacterial polysaccharides play in biofilms?
What is the significance of the carbohydrate chains in glycoproteins?
What is the significance of the carbohydrate chains in glycoproteins?
How do glycosaminoglycans contribute to tissue function?
How do glycosaminoglycans contribute to tissue function?
What alters the viscosity of hyaluronate when shear stress is varied?
What alters the viscosity of hyaluronate when shear stress is varied?
What primarily determines the absorbance at 280 nm in proteins?
What primarily determines the absorbance at 280 nm in proteins?
Which statement about the stability of beta sheets is accurate?
Which statement about the stability of beta sheets is accurate?
Which of these factors is least likely to cause protein denaturation?
Which of these factors is least likely to cause protein denaturation?
What reflects the primary method of separation in SDS-PAGE?
What reflects the primary method of separation in SDS-PAGE?
Which type of bond connects amino acids to their cognate tRNA?
Which type of bond connects amino acids to their cognate tRNA?
Which characteristic is not commonly used in protein separation methods?
Which characteristic is not commonly used in protein separation methods?
What is the primary role of molecular chaperones in protein folding?
What is the primary role of molecular chaperones in protein folding?
In protein dynamics studies, which method is most useful for monitoring changes in protein conformation over time?
In protein dynamics studies, which method is most useful for monitoring changes in protein conformation over time?
Which amino acid is least likely to be found in an alpha helix?
Which amino acid is least likely to be found in an alpha helix?
Which statement about protein structure is false?
Which statement about protein structure is false?
Flashcards
What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
The four most abundant elements in the human body are Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H). These elements form the building blocks of essential biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What cellular structure evolved in eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What cellular structure evolved in eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Nuclear membranes are a defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells, which evolved from prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.
What type of reaction is nonspontaneous?
What type of reaction is nonspontaneous?
A reaction with a positive Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) is considered nonspontaneous. This means the reaction requires energy input in the form of heat to proceed.
What is the strongest noncovalent interaction?
What is the strongest noncovalent interaction?
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How many hydrogen bond acceptors are in a urea molecule?
How many hydrogen bond acceptors are in a urea molecule?
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What enzymes are involved in DNA unwinding and replication?
What enzymes are involved in DNA unwinding and replication?
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Why are there two DNA polymerases in prokaryotic replication?
Why are there two DNA polymerases in prokaryotic replication?
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What is a frameshift mutation?
What is a frameshift mutation?
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How does the sigma factor help initiate transcription in prokaryotes?
How does the sigma factor help initiate transcription in prokaryotes?
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What enzyme links amino acids to tRNA?
What enzyme links amino acids to tRNA?
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Percentage of Cytosine
Percentage of Cytosine
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RNA and Genetic Information?
RNA and Genetic Information?
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Requirements of Genetic Material
Requirements of Genetic Material
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Major Groove in B-DNA
Major Groove in B-DNA
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Fidelity of DNA Polymerase 1
Fidelity of DNA Polymerase 1
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Characteristics of DNA Polymerase 3
Characteristics of DNA Polymerase 3
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Cell Viability and Mutations
Cell Viability and Mutations
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New DNA Polymerase with 5' to 3' Exonuclease Activity
New DNA Polymerase with 5' to 3' Exonuclease Activity
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What are lipids?
What are lipids?
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What are fatty acids?
What are fatty acids?
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What are triacylglycerols?
What are triacylglycerols?
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What are phospholipids?
What are phospholipids?
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What are sphingolipids?
What are sphingolipids?
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What are proteoglycans?
What are proteoglycans?
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What is peptidoglycan?
What is peptidoglycan?
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What are lectins?
What are lectins?
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What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
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What is the A site of the ribosome?
What is the A site of the ribosome?
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How is a polypeptide chain synthesized?
How is a polypeptide chain synthesized?
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What happens when a stop codon is encountered during translation?
What happens when a stop codon is encountered during translation?
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What are the steps involved in the elongation of a polypeptide chain?
What are the steps involved in the elongation of a polypeptide chain?
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How does the ribosome bind to mRNA in prokaryotes?
How does the ribosome bind to mRNA in prokaryotes?
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What is the shape of tRNA?
What is the shape of tRNA?
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What is the role of EF-G in translation?
What is the role of EF-G in translation?
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Snare Proteins
Snare Proteins
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Tetanus and Botulinum Toxins
Tetanus and Botulinum Toxins
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Virus Mediated Membrane Fusion
Virus Mediated Membrane Fusion
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
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Hyaluronate (Hyaluronic Acid)
Hyaluronate (Hyaluronic Acid)
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Heparin
Heparin
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Heparan Sulfate
Heparan Sulfate
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Pectin
Pectin
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Biofilms
Biofilms
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Poly-D-Glucuronate and Poly-N-acetylglucosamine
Poly-D-Glucuronate and Poly-N-acetylglucosamine
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Buffer Resistance to pH Change
Buffer Resistance to pH Change
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Phosphodiester Bonds
Phosphodiester Bonds
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SSB Role in Replication
SSB Role in Replication
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Tus Protein and Replication Termination
Tus Protein and Replication Termination
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Role of RNA Primer
Role of RNA Primer
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What kind of reaction is nonspontaneous?
What kind of reaction is nonspontaneous?
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What is the role of the start codon in prokaryotic translation?
What is the role of the start codon in prokaryotic translation?
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What is the function of the A site in the ribosome?
What is the function of the A site in the ribosome?
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How is polypeptide synthesis directional?
How is polypeptide synthesis directional?
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What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?
What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?
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What is the shape of tRNA molecules?
What is the shape of tRNA molecules?
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What are saturated fatty acids?
What are saturated fatty acids?
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What are unsaturated fatty acids?
What are unsaturated fatty acids?
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What is cholesterol?
What is cholesterol?
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L-Amino Acids
L-Amino Acids
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Aromatic Amino Acids and UV Absorbance
Aromatic Amino Acids and UV Absorbance
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Stereochemistry in Protein Separation
Stereochemistry in Protein Separation
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Disulfide Bond in Peptides
Disulfide Bond in Peptides
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SDS-PAGE Separation Principle
SDS-PAGE Separation Principle
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Amino Acid - tRNA Linkage
Amino Acid - tRNA Linkage
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Glycine in Alpha Helices
Glycine in Alpha Helices
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Stability of Beta Sheets
Stability of Beta Sheets
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4-Hydroxyproline and Alpha Keratin
4-Hydroxyproline and Alpha Keratin
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First Step in Protein Folding
First Step in Protein Folding
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Buffer capacity
Buffer capacity
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Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs)
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs)
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Tus protein
Tus protein
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RNA primer
RNA primer
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Proteoglycans
Proteoglycans
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Bacterial cell walls (peptidoglycan)
Bacterial cell walls (peptidoglycan)
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N-linked glycosylation
N-linked glycosylation
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O-linked glycosylation
O-linked glycosylation
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Selectins
Selectins
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Lipids
Lipids
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Fatty acids
Fatty acids
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Disulfide Bonds in Proteins
Disulfide Bonds in Proteins
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Role of Molecular Chaperones
Role of Molecular Chaperones
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Saturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol
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Phospholipids
Phospholipids
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Integral Membrane Proteins
Integral Membrane Proteins
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Study Notes
Exam 1
- Four most abundant elements in the human body are C, N, O, and H.
- They form the majority of biomolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- Nuclear membranes developed during the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells.
- Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles.
- A reaction with ΔH = 23 kJ/mol and ΔS = 22 J/kmol at 2°C is nonspontaneous because ΔG is positive.
- Ionic interactions are the strongest type of noncovalent interactions, occurring between oppositely charged particles.
- In a urea molecule, 3 atoms can act as hydrogen bond acceptors.
- The hydrophobic effect is an entropy effect, where water molecules increase their entropy by excluding hydrophobic groups, surrounding them with highly ordered structures.
- A buffer resists pH changes due to its weak acid/base pairs' pKa, buffer pH, and overall concentration.
- Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds forming a sugar-phosphate backbone in DNA and RNA.
- Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB) stabilize separated DNA strands during replication.
- Termination of replication fork movement in E. coli involves Tus protein binding to Ter sites.
Exam 2
- A short RNA primer provides a starting point for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase.
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules deliver specific amino acids to ribosomes during translation.
- A double-stranded DNA fragment with 12% adenine has 38% cytosine.
- RNA can store genetic information, as seen in retroviruses.
- Genetic material must mutate, replicate, and direct protein synthesis, not just act as a read-only system.
- The major groove in B-DNA allows protein binding for transcription and replication regulation.
- DNA polymerase 1 has a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity for proofreading and removing mismatched nucleotides.
- DNA polymerase 3 is the primary replicase in E. coli, with a high turnover rate and lacking 5' to 3' exonuclease activity.
- Cells mechanisms can tolerate or repair minor DNA point mutations.
- DNA polymerase with high processivity, low fidelity, and RNA/DNA replacement ability likely has a 5' to 3' exonuclease activity.
Exam 3
- Insertions or deletions of one or two nucleotides cause frameshift mutations, altering the entire downstream protein sequence.
- Sigma factor recognizes a promoter helping RNA polymerase bind and initiate transcription.
- Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase covalently attaches the correct amino acid to tRNA.
- Base-pairing between mRNA's start codon and the 16S rRNA allows ribosome selection of the proper initiation codon.
- Elongation occurs at the A site of the ribosome where new incoming aminoacyl-tRNA binds.
- Synthesis proceeds from the N-terminus to C-terminus.
- Release factors bind to a stop codon, releasing the growing peptide.
- The small ribosomal subunit recognizes and binds mRNA in prokaryotes.
- All tRNAs adopt an L-shape.
- The antisense strand acts as the template for mRNA synthesis during transcription.
- Alul restriction enzyme produces blunt-end fragments.
- Transformed organisms are identified using antibiotic resistance genes in plasmids.
- Most human proteins are conserved across different species.
- The reaction needs DNA, primers, dNTPs, and thermostable DNA polymerase to perform PCR.
- Formation of a dipeptide from two amino acids involves the loss of water.
- Aspartic acid can be a conservative substitute for Glu.
Exam 4
- Ribosomes use L-amino acids for protein synthesis.
- Amino acids have a specific configuration (L-configuration) relating to L-glyceraldehyde.
- Aromatic amino acids have high absorbance at 280 nm (UV region).
- Stereochemistry is not a typical protein separation method.
- Disulfide bonds link cysteine residues in proteins.
- SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on mass.
- The carboxyl group of an amino acid is linked to the 3'OH of tRNA.
- Glycine is rarely found in alpha helices due to its inflexibility and impact on structure.
- Parallel beta sheets are more stable than antiparallel beta sheets.
- Blocking 4-hydroxyproline synthesis does not affect keratin, as it is not collagen-related.
- Secondary structure formation is the first step in protein folding.
- Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds.
Additional Exam Notes
- pH, temperature, and ionic strength disrupt protein structure.
- Molecular chaperones facilitate protein folding.
- NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) is used to study protein conformational changes over time.
- B cells produce antibodies for humoral immunity.
- Glycines are crucial in collagen triplex-helix formation.
- Enzymes are required for efficient nucleophilic catalysis.
- Acetylcholinesterase is inactivated by DIPF (irreversible inhibitor).
- Oxyanion holes stabilize transition states during protease catalysis.
- IgG molecules have two antigen-binding sites.
- Cofactors are enzyme helpers.
- Transition metals are a common example of metallic enzyme helpers.
- General acid catalysis lowers activation energy through proton transfer.
- Methyl groups are poor nucleophilic catalysts.
- The conformations of molecules like NAM’s D ring contribute to the catalytic energy in lysozyme reactions.
Chapter 8
- Glycosaminoglycans are linear polysaccharides.
- They are located in extracellular matrices, providing structural support, lubrication, and shock absorption.
- Hyaluronate is composed of repeating disaccharides.
- High shear aligns and low shear creates tangled masses.
- Heparin is highly sulfated, acting as an anticoagulant.
- Heparan sulfate is similar to heparin but has fewer sulfates and more N-acetyl groups.
- Plant polysaccharides include pectin, which has alpha-1,4-linked galacturonate residues interspersed with rhamnose.
Chapter 9
- Sphingolipids occur in brain and nervous tissue membranes and act as receptors.
- Gangliosides are involved in cell recognition and adhesion.
- Cholesterol is essential for maintaining membrane fluidity.
- Protein synthesis and trafficking use vesicle transport.
Chapter 10
- Carbohydrates are generally composed of hydrocarbons and are insoluble in water.
Chapter 11
- Pectins are plant shock absorbers.
- Starch is the energy reserve in plants.
- Glycogen is the storage carbohydrate in animals.
- Many enzymes are required for efficient carbohydrate digestion.
Additional Notes
- Viral membrane fusion involves stages of host cell recognition, activation of the viral membrane, and fusion with the host cell membrane.
- Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that facilitate interactions between cells.
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Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts of biology, including the composition of the human body, the evolution of cells, and the intricacies of DNA and protein synthesis. This quiz covers essential topics like transcription, translation, and the roles of various molecules in cellular processes.
