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What would a hematocrit value of 38 ml/100 ml of blood indicate in a male patient?
What would a hematocrit value of 38 ml/100 ml of blood indicate in a male patient?
Where is the buffy coat located in a centrifuged blood sample?
Where is the buffy coat located in a centrifuged blood sample?
How many iron atoms are present in a hemoglobin molecule?
How many iron atoms are present in a hemoglobin molecule?
What part of the hemoglobin molecule combines with carbon dioxide?
What part of the hemoglobin molecule combines with carbon dioxide?
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Which type of red blood cells can be found circulating in the blood?
Which type of red blood cells can be found circulating in the blood?
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What is not an end product of the breakdown of hemoglobin?
What is not an end product of the breakdown of hemoglobin?
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What is the function of globin in the hemoglobin molecule?
What is the function of globin in the hemoglobin molecule?
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What is the purpose of the hemoglobin molecule?
What is the purpose of the hemoglobin molecule?
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What is the shape of erythrocytes under the microscope?
What is the shape of erythrocytes under the microscope?
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What is the process of forming red blood cells?
What is the process of forming red blood cells?
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Where are many types of blood cells produced?
Where are many types of blood cells produced?
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What is the end product of the megakaryoblast?
What is the end product of the megakaryoblast?
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Which hormone stimulates red blood cell formation?
Which hormone stimulates red blood cell formation?
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Which of the following is not a type of leukocyte?
Which of the following is not a type of leukocyte?
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What is the result of the chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme in carbon dioxide transport?
What is the result of the chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme in carbon dioxide transport?
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What is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood?
What is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood?
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What is the correct sequence of developmental steps in the formation of red blood cells beginning with hematopoietic stem cells?
What is the correct sequence of developmental steps in the formation of red blood cells beginning with hematopoietic stem cells?
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What is the primary function of eosinophils in the body?
What is the primary function of eosinophils in the body?
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What is a characteristic that distinguishes white blood cells from red blood cells?
What is a characteristic that distinguishes white blood cells from red blood cells?
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Which of the following is not a type of agranulocyte?
Which of the following is not a type of agranulocyte?
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What is the process of white blood cells migrating out of blood vessels into tissue spaces called?
What is the process of white blood cells migrating out of blood vessels into tissue spaces called?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?
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What is the term for the ability of certain white blood cells to 'eat' bacteria or damaged cells?
What is the term for the ability of certain white blood cells to 'eat' bacteria or damaged cells?
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Which of the following statements is true about white blood cells?
Which of the following statements is true about white blood cells?
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Which immature red blood cell still contains a nucleus?
Which immature red blood cell still contains a nucleus?
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Which white blood cell contains histamine-filled granules?
Which white blood cell contains histamine-filled granules?
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What is the blood type of an individual with neither A nor B antigens on the red blood cell and neither A nor B antibodies in the blood plasma?
What is the blood type of an individual with neither A nor B antigens on the red blood cell and neither A nor B antibodies in the blood plasma?
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What is the function of vitamin K in the process of blood clot formation?
What is the function of vitamin K in the process of blood clot formation?
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Which of the following is not a function of plasmin in blood clotting?
Which of the following is not a function of plasmin in blood clotting?
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What is the role of prothrombin in blood clotting?
What is the role of prothrombin in blood clotting?
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Which of the following blood types would an individual have if they have an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma?
Which of the following blood types would an individual have if they have an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma?
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Which of the following blood cells is not a type of white blood cell?
Which of the following blood cells is not a type of white blood cell?
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What is the primary benefit of the breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells?
What is the primary benefit of the breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells?
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What type of connective tissue is responsible for producing blood cells in the body?
What type of connective tissue is responsible for producing blood cells in the body?
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What is another term for plasma?
What is another term for plasma?
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How are direct measurements of total blood volume often taken?
How are direct measurements of total blood volume often taken?
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What is the average red blood cell count per cubic millimeter of blood in men?
What is the average red blood cell count per cubic millimeter of blood in men?
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What is a critical factor in the survival of red blood cells?
What is a critical factor in the survival of red blood cells?
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What is the relationship between body fat and blood volume per unit of body weight?
What is the relationship between body fat and blood volume per unit of body weight?
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What is a critical function of erythropoiesis?
What is a critical function of erythropoiesis?
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When whole blood is spun down in a centrifuge, where can the buffy coat be found?
When whole blood is spun down in a centrifuge, where can the buffy coat be found?
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What part of the hemoglobin molecule combines with carbon dioxide?
What part of the hemoglobin molecule combines with carbon dioxide?
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Which are the only cells in the differentiation process of red blood cells that can be found circulating in the blood?
Which are the only cells in the differentiation process of red blood cells that can be found circulating in the blood?
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The survival of red blood cells depends on their ability to change their shape.
The survival of red blood cells depends on their ability to change their shape.
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A person with an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma might have which of the following blood types? ____
A person with an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma might have which of the following blood types? ____
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Which of the following is involved in determining a person’s total blood volume?
Which of the following is involved in determining a person’s total blood volume?
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Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with:
Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with:
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A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of:
A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of:
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Which mature cell has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes?
Which mature cell has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes?
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A normal adult red blood cell count ranges from _ million/cubic mm.
A normal adult red blood cell count ranges from _ million/cubic mm.
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Which of the following cell types can carry oxygen?
Which of the following cell types can carry oxygen?
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Study Notes
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Under the microscope, erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks without nuclei.
- Erythrocytes are produced in the red bone marrow.
- Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood, and a normal value for a woman is around 38 ml/100 ml of blood.
- When whole blood is spun down in a centrifuge, the buffy coat can be found between the plasma and red blood cells.
- One hemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms.
- Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide in the globin part of the molecule.
Formation of Red Blood Cells
- Erythropoiesis is the formation of red blood cells.
- Erythropoietin is a hormone released by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell formation.
- The sequence of developmental steps in the formation of red blood cells beginning with hematopoietic stem cells is: proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromic erythroblasts, and reticulocytes.
- The most mature developing red blood cell that still contains a nucleus is a polychromic erythroblast.
- Reticulocytes are the only cells in the differentiation process of red blood cells that can be found circulating in the blood.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- White blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow.
- Leukocytes are larger than red blood cells and contain a nucleus.
- Some white blood cells are capable of diapedesis, which means they can migrate out of blood vessels into tissue spaces.
- Eosinophils help protect against parasitic worms.
- Basophils contain granules filled with histamine.
- Monocytes are agranulocytes.
Blood Clotting (Coagulation)
- Fibrinogen is a substance involved in the process of blood clot formation.
- Prothrombin is a substance involved in the process of blood clot formation.
- Vitamin K is not made by the liver.
- Plasmin does not assist in the formation of a blood clot.
The ABO System
- A person with neither A, nor B antibodies in the blood plasma would have which blood type AB.
- A person with neither A, nor B antigens on the red blood cell would have which blood type O.
- A person with an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma might have which of the following blood type A.
Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoiesis is the process of making blood cells.
- Hematopoiesis occurs in the myeloid and lymphoid connective tissue.
Blood Composition
- Plasma is not the same as interstitial fluid.
- Plasma makes up about 55% of total blood volume.
Blood Volume
- Direct measurements of total blood volume involve the “tagging” of red blood cells or plasma components with radioisotopes.
- The less fat in the body, the more blood there is per unit of body weight.
Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells
- The breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells results in the release of globin, which can be converted to amino acids and used as an energy source or for protein building.
- The by-products of bilirubin are not excreted into the intestine and do not decrease the digestive process.
Blood Composition
- Blood volume is determined by age, body type, and sex
- Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with body fat
- A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of polycythemia
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Mature red blood cells have no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes
- Red blood cells carry oxygen
- A normal adult red blood cell count ranges from 4.2 to 6.2 million/cubic mm
- Red blood cells appear as biconcave disks without nuclei under a microscope
- Erythropoiesis is the formation of red blood cells, which occurs in the red bone marrow
- Erythropoietin is a hormone released by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell formation
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Leukocytes are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
- Granulocytes are capable of phagocytosis and diapedesis
- Agranulocytes play a major role in immunity to infectious diseases
- Basophils are thought to play a role in the prevention of clotting
Platelets
- Platelets are involved in blood clotting
- Platelets are formed from megakaryoblasts in the red bone marrow
- Thrombocytes are another name for platelets
Blood Clotting (Coagulation)
- Calcium is used in the clotting process during stages I and II
- Prothrombin is converted to thrombin in stage II of clot formation
- Fibrin is the insoluble network of fine threads in which the cellular elements of blood are trapped
- Heparin is an anticoagulant
Blood Plasma
- Blood plasma is about 90% water
- Blood plasma contains both electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
- Blood plasma contains both colloids and crystalloids
- Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen are proteins found in blood plasma
- Globulin plays an important role in the immune system
- Fibrinogen plays an important role in blood clotting
Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
- Hemoglobin contains heme, which allows oxygen to be transported
- Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions because of a chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Blood Types
- The ABO system is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells
- The Rh system is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on the surface of red blood cells
- People with type AB blood are considered universal recipients because their blood does not contain the A or B antibodies
- People with type O blood are considered universal donors because their blood does not contain the A or B antigens
Clot Dissolution
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Plasminogen is converted to plasmin, which breaks down fibrin
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Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents clot formation### Hemoglobin
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Each red blood cell contains between 200 million and 300 million molecules of hemoglobin
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Hemoglobin makes up about 70% of the cell's dry weight
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Each molecule of hemoglobin has four globin and four heme chains
Platelets
- Develop from megakaryoblasts
- Release substances that cause vasoconstriction
- Have a life span of about 7 days
Newborns and Bleeding
- Newborns often have a reduced number of platelets, which are needed to clot blood
- Physicians may apply a gauze dressing for a short time on the umbilical cord and give the baby a dose of vitamin K to help the umbilical cord stop bleeding
Breakdown of Red Blood Cells
- The breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells results in the release of globin, which is converted to amino acids and used as an energy source or for protein building
Connective Tissue
- Myeloid and lymphoid connective tissue make blood cells for the body
Blood Composition and Volume
- Plasma is not another term for interstitial fluid
- Direct measurements of total blood volume do not involve the "tagging" of red blood cells or plasma components with radioisotopes
- The less fat in the body, the more blood there is per unit of body weight
- Blood constitutes about 7% of total body weight (not 4%)
Red Blood Cells
- Red blood cell counts do not average about 4,800,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
- The survival of red blood cells depends on their ability to change their shape
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Test your knowledge of erythrocytes, hematocrit, and erythropoiesis in this biology quiz.