Biology Quiz: Blood Cells
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Questions and Answers

What would a hematocrit value of 38 ml/100 ml of blood indicate in a male patient?

  • Above the normal range for a male patient
  • In the high normal range for a male patient
  • In the low normal range for a male patient (correct)
  • The average for a male patient

    • Where is the buffy coat located in a centrifuged blood sample?

  • At the very top of the test tube
  • Between the plasma and red blood cells (correct)
  • In the plasma below the water but above the soluble proteins
  • At the very bottom of the test tube

    • How many iron atoms are present in a hemoglobin molecule?

  • Two iron atoms
  • One iron atom
  • Four iron atoms (correct)
  • Six iron atoms

    • What part of the hemoglobin molecule combines with carbon dioxide?

    <p>Globin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of red blood cells can be found circulating in the blood?

    <p>Reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not an end product of the breakdown of hemoglobin?

    <p>Free oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of globin in the hemoglobin molecule?

    <p>To form the protein structure of hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hemoglobin molecule?

    <p>To carry oxygen to the body's tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of erythrocytes under the microscope?

    <p>Biconcave disks without nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are many types of blood cells produced?

    <p>Red bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the megakaryoblast?

    <p>Platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates red blood cell formation?

    <p>Erythropoietin released by the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of leukocyte?

    <p>Reticulocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme in carbon dioxide transport?

    <p>Formation of bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of developmental steps in the formation of red blood cells beginning with hematopoietic stem cells?

    <p>proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromic erythroblasts, and reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the body?

    <p>To fight against parasitic worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic that distinguishes white blood cells from red blood cells?

    <p>White blood cells are larger than red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a type of agranulocyte?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of white blood cells migrating out of blood vessels into tissue spaces called?

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils in the body?

    <p>To consume bacteria or damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of certain white blood cells to 'eat' bacteria or damaged cells?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about white blood cells?

    <p>White blood cells contain a nucleus and are capable of migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immature red blood cell still contains a nucleus?

    <p>Polychromic erythroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cell contains histamine-filled granules?

    <p>Basophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood type of an individual with neither A nor B antigens on the red blood cell and neither A nor B antibodies in the blood plasma?

    <p>O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of vitamin K in the process of blood clot formation?

    <p>Vitamin K is not made by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of plasmin in blood clotting?

    <p>To form a blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prothrombin in blood clotting?

    <p>To form a blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood types would an individual have if they have an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma?

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood cells is not a type of white blood cell?

    <p>Reticulocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of the breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells?

    <p>Globin is converted to amino acids and used as an energy source or for protein building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is responsible for producing blood cells in the body?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for plasma?

    <p>Serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are direct measurements of total blood volume often taken?

    <p>Through the use of radioisotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average red blood cell count per cubic millimeter of blood in men?

    <p>4,500,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in the survival of red blood cells?

    <p>Their ability to change shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between body fat and blood volume per unit of body weight?

    <p>The less fat in the body, the more blood there is per unit of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical function of erythropoiesis?

    <p>The production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When whole blood is spun down in a centrifuge, where can the buffy coat be found?

    <p>Between the plasma and red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the hemoglobin molecule combines with carbon dioxide?

    <p>Globin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are the only cells in the differentiation process of red blood cells that can be found circulating in the blood?

    <p>Reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The survival of red blood cells depends on their ability to change their shape.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma might have which of the following blood types? ____

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in determining a person’s total blood volume?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with:

    <p>Body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of:

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mature cell has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes?

    <p>Erythrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A normal adult red blood cell count ranges from _ million/cubic mm.

    <p>4.2 to 6.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell types can carry oxygen?

    <p>Erythrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

    • Under the microscope, erythrocytes appear as biconcave disks without nuclei.
    • Erythrocytes are produced in the red bone marrow.
    • Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in the blood, and a normal value for a woman is around 38 ml/100 ml of blood.
    • When whole blood is spun down in a centrifuge, the buffy coat can be found between the plasma and red blood cells.
    • One hemoglobin molecule contains four iron atoms.
    • Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide in the globin part of the molecule.

    Formation of Red Blood Cells

    • Erythropoiesis is the formation of red blood cells.
    • Erythropoietin is a hormone released by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell formation.
    • The sequence of developmental steps in the formation of red blood cells beginning with hematopoietic stem cells is: proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromic erythroblasts, and reticulocytes.
    • The most mature developing red blood cell that still contains a nucleus is a polychromic erythroblast.
    • Reticulocytes are the only cells in the differentiation process of red blood cells that can be found circulating in the blood.

    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    • White blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow.
    • Leukocytes are larger than red blood cells and contain a nucleus.
    • Some white blood cells are capable of diapedesis, which means they can migrate out of blood vessels into tissue spaces.
    • Eosinophils help protect against parasitic worms.
    • Basophils contain granules filled with histamine.
    • Monocytes are agranulocytes.

    Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

    • Fibrinogen is a substance involved in the process of blood clot formation.
    • Prothrombin is a substance involved in the process of blood clot formation.
    • Vitamin K is not made by the liver.
    • Plasmin does not assist in the formation of a blood clot.

    The ABO System

    • A person with neither A, nor B antibodies in the blood plasma would have which blood type AB.
    • A person with neither A, nor B antigens on the red blood cell would have which blood type O.
    • A person with an antigen on the red blood cell and a different antibody in the plasma might have which of the following blood type A.

    Hematopoiesis

    • Hematopoiesis is the process of making blood cells.
    • Hematopoiesis occurs in the myeloid and lymphoid connective tissue.

    Blood Composition

    • Plasma is not the same as interstitial fluid.
    • Plasma makes up about 55% of total blood volume.

    Blood Volume

    • Direct measurements of total blood volume involve the “tagging” of red blood cells or plasma components with radioisotopes.
    • The less fat in the body, the more blood there is per unit of body weight.

    Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells

    • The breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells results in the release of globin, which can be converted to amino acids and used as an energy source or for protein building.
    • The by-products of bilirubin are not excreted into the intestine and do not decrease the digestive process.

    Blood Composition

    • Blood volume is determined by age, body type, and sex
    • Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with body fat
    • A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of polycythemia

    Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

    • Mature red blood cells have no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes
    • Red blood cells carry oxygen
    • A normal adult red blood cell count ranges from 4.2 to 6.2 million/cubic mm
    • Red blood cells appear as biconcave disks without nuclei under a microscope
    • Erythropoiesis is the formation of red blood cells, which occurs in the red bone marrow
    • Erythropoietin is a hormone released by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell formation

    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    • Leukocytes are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
    • Granulocytes are capable of phagocytosis and diapedesis
    • Agranulocytes play a major role in immunity to infectious diseases
    • Basophils are thought to play a role in the prevention of clotting

    Platelets

    • Platelets are involved in blood clotting
    • Platelets are formed from megakaryoblasts in the red bone marrow
    • Thrombocytes are another name for platelets

    Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

    • Calcium is used in the clotting process during stages I and II
    • Prothrombin is converted to thrombin in stage II of clot formation
    • Fibrin is the insoluble network of fine threads in which the cellular elements of blood are trapped
    • Heparin is an anticoagulant

    Blood Plasma

    • Blood plasma is about 90% water
    • Blood plasma contains both electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
    • Blood plasma contains both colloids and crystalloids
    • Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen are proteins found in blood plasma
    • Globulin plays an important role in the immune system
    • Fibrinogen plays an important role in blood clotting

    Hemoglobin

    • Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
    • Hemoglobin contains heme, which allows oxygen to be transported
    • Carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions because of a chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

    Blood Types

    • The ABO system is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells
    • The Rh system is a classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on the surface of red blood cells
    • People with type AB blood are considered universal recipients because their blood does not contain the A or B antibodies
    • People with type O blood are considered universal donors because their blood does not contain the A or B antigens

    Clot Dissolution

    • Plasminogen is converted to plasmin, which breaks down fibrin

    • Heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents clot formation### Hemoglobin

    • Each red blood cell contains between 200 million and 300 million molecules of hemoglobin

    • Hemoglobin makes up about 70% of the cell's dry weight

    • Each molecule of hemoglobin has four globin and four heme chains

    Platelets

    • Develop from megakaryoblasts
    • Release substances that cause vasoconstriction
    • Have a life span of about 7 days

    Newborns and Bleeding

    • Newborns often have a reduced number of platelets, which are needed to clot blood
    • Physicians may apply a gauze dressing for a short time on the umbilical cord and give the baby a dose of vitamin K to help the umbilical cord stop bleeding

    Breakdown of Red Blood Cells

    • The breakdown of aged or damaged red blood cells results in the release of globin, which is converted to amino acids and used as an energy source or for protein building

    Connective Tissue

    • Myeloid and lymphoid connective tissue make blood cells for the body

    Blood Composition and Volume

    • Plasma is not another term for interstitial fluid
    • Direct measurements of total blood volume do not involve the "tagging" of red blood cells or plasma components with radioisotopes
    • The less fat in the body, the more blood there is per unit of body weight
    • Blood constitutes about 7% of total body weight (not 4%)

    Red Blood Cells

    • Red blood cell counts do not average about 4,800,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
    • The survival of red blood cells depends on their ability to change their shape

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