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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the circulatory system?
What is the primary function of leukocytes in the circulatory system?
Which cells are classified as PMN granulocytes?
Which cells are classified as PMN granulocytes?
What is the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What is the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs)?
Which component of the heart conduction system is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?
Which component of the heart conduction system is responsible for initiating the heartbeat?
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How much of the body's cardiac output does the heart receive at rest?
How much of the body's cardiac output does the heart receive at rest?
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What is the normal range for hematocrit percentage in adults?
What is the normal range for hematocrit percentage in adults?
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What is the primary liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of total blood volume?
What is the primary liquid component of blood, making up about 55% of total blood volume?
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What is the diameter and thickness of a typical red blood cell?
What is the diameter and thickness of a typical red blood cell?
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What percentage of water constitutes plasma?
What percentage of water constitutes plasma?
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Which waves in an electrocardiogram (EKG) represent the depolarization of the ventricles?
Which waves in an electrocardiogram (EKG) represent the depolarization of the ventricles?
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Study Notes
Blood Cells
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Biconcave discs responsible for oxygen transport.
-
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Primary function is to protect against bacteria and foreign agents. They include:
-
Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils: More active in bacterial infection.
- Eosinophils: Associated with allergic conditions.
- Basophils:
-
Mononuclear:
- Monocytes: Involved in chronic infections.
- Lymphocytes:
-
Granulocytes:
- Platelets (Thrombocytes): Smallest formed element in the plasma, essential for preventing blood loss.
Hematocrit
- Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells in total blood volume.
- Normal hematocrit range: 42-45%.
- Newborn hematocrit range: 45-60%.
Plasma
- Straw-colored liquid comprising 55% of total blood volume.
- Contains:
- 90% water.
- 10% proteins, electrolytes, hormones.
The Heart
- Hollow, four-chambered, muscular organ.
- Composed of two atria and two ventricles.
Blood Supply of the Heart
- Originates from the aorta through two coronary arteries: right and left.
- The left coronary artery divides into:
- Circumflex: Supplies the lateral wall and diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle.
- Anterior descending: Supplies the anterior wall of the left ventricle and septum.
- The right coronary artery supplies the right ventricle and posterior portion of the septum.
- The left coronary artery divides into:
- At rest, the heart receives approximately 5% of cardiac output.
Conductive System of the Heart
- Autorhythmicity: The heart's ability to beat without external stimulus.
- Components:
- SA node (Sinoatrial node): Pacemaker of the heart.
- AV node (Atrioventricular node): Delays the signal from the SA node to the ventricles.
- Bundle of His: Conducts the signal to the ventricles.
- Right and left bundle branches: Conduct the signal to the ventricles.
- Purkinje fibers: Distribute the signal within the ventricles.
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the heart rate.
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
- An EKG records electrical impulses through electrodes placed on the body.
- EKG wave changes reflect depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac muscle.
- EKG waves:
- P wave: Atrial depolarization.
- QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
- T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the types of blood cells and their functions, as well as the basic anatomy of the heart. This quiz will cover aspects such as red and white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit ranges, and the components of plasma. Ideal for students of human biology or anatomy.
