Biology of Mind: Structure of the Neuron Quiz

Neuron Structure and Function

• The myelin sheath surrounding many axons increases the speed of impulse transmission by facilitating saltatory conduction.
• The axon is the part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body.
• Dendrites are responsible for receiving signals from other neurons through synapses.

Synaptic Transmission

• Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse, allowing for communication between neurons.
• The synapse consists of the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic neuron.
• An action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes the release of neurotransmitters, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, generating a new action potential.

Neurotransmitters and Hormones

• Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in neuron communication, transmitting signals between neurons.
• The integration of excitatory and inhibitory signals at the axon hillock determines whether a neuron will fire.
• Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, affect neurons involved in voluntary movement and pleasure or reward.
• GABA and serotonin are found in the brain's basal ganglia and limbic system.
• Serotonin affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, and mood.
• Melatonin helps regulate daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep.
• Endorphins are natural painkillers produced by the body.
• Testosterone is responsible for physical changes experienced at puberty.
• Acetylcholine affects neurons involved in cognitive functioning and memory.
• Cortisol plays a role in enhancing memories and regulating emotions and stress.
• Norepinephrine affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and slowed intestinal activity during stress, learning, memory, dreaming, waking, and emotion in the brain's locus coeruleus.

Neuron Function

• Neurons in the brain process and transmit information, enabling thought, movement, and control of bodily functions.