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Questions and Answers
The flower is the ______ part of a plant and is a modified shoot.
reproductive
The ______ forms the male reproductive whorl (androecium).
stamen
The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower is called ______.
pollination
Pollination may take place by insects, water, wind, or ______.
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The ovary changes into ______ and the ovules change into seeds after fertilization.
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Dicotyledonous seeds have ______ cotyledons.
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Seed germination requires water, oxygen, and a suitable ______.
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[Blank] is the part of the embryo which grows into the shoot.
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The calyx and corolla are the accessory ______ of the flower.
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The stamen forms the male reproductive whorl (______).
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Flowers with only the male reproductive whorl (stamens) are called ______ flowers.
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There are two types of pollination: self-pollination and ______-pollination.
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Fertilization is the fusion of male and female ______.
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Monocotyledonous seeds have ______ cotyledon.
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The ______ changes into fruit after fertilization.
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[Blank] is a type of germination when the cotyledons come out of the soil.
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The flower is the reproductive part of a plant and is a modified ______.
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The ______ forms the female reproductive whorl (gynoecium).
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Complete flowers have all four whorls and are ______ flowers.
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Pollen grains are male gametes and are formed in the ______.
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There are two types of pollination: self-pollination and ______-pollination.
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The units of the androecium, formed from anther and filament, are called ______.
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The pedicel is the ______ of the flower.
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[Blank] is the outermost whorl of the flower formed from sepals.
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Study Notes
Structure of a Flower
- A flower is a modified shoot that is the reproductive part of a plant.
- It consists of four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
Whorls of a Flower
- The calyx is the outermost whorl formed from sepals.
- The corolla is the second whorl formed from petals.
- The androecium is the male reproductive whorl, formed from stamens.
- The gynoecium is the female reproductive whorl, formed from carpels or pistils.
Types of Flowers
- Complete flowers have all four whorls and are bisexual.
- Flowers with only the male reproductive whorl are called male flowers.
- Flowers with only the female reproductive whorl are called female flowers, and are incomplete or unisexual.
Reproduction in Flowers
- Pollen grains are male gametes formed in the stamen.
- Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower.
- There are two types of pollination: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- Pollination can occur through insects, water, wind, or animals.
- Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes.
Fruits and Seeds
- The ovary changes into fruit and the ovules change into seeds after fertilization.
- Each seed contains an embryo that develops into a new plant.
- Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals, and humans.
- Dicotyledonous seeds have two cotyledons, while monocotyledonous seeds have one cotyledon.
Seed Germination
- Seed germination is the process of activating the inactive embryo and its growth into a seedling.
- The plumule part of the embryo grows to form the shoot, and the radicle grows into the root of the plant.
- In epigeal germination, the cotyledons form the first green leaves of the seedling.
- In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain underground and do not form leaves.
- Seed germination requires water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature.
Key Terms
- Pedicel: the stalk of the flower.
- Thalamus: the swollen structure in the flower that bears all the floral whorls.
- Plumule: the part of the embryo that grows into the shoot.
- Radicle: the part of the embryo that grows into the roots.
- Cotyledons: the seed leaves.
- Epigeal: a type of germination when the cotyledons come out of the soil.
- Hypogeal: a type of germination when the cotyledons remain under the soil.
Structure of a Flower
- A flower is a modified shoot that is the reproductive part of a plant.
- It consists of four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
Whorls of a Flower
- The calyx is the outermost whorl formed from sepals.
- The corolla is the second whorl formed from petals.
- The androecium is the male reproductive whorl, formed from stamens.
- The gynoecium is the female reproductive whorl, formed from carpels or pistils.
Types of Flowers
- Complete flowers have all four whorls and are bisexual.
- Flowers with only the male reproductive whorl are called male flowers.
- Flowers with only the female reproductive whorl are called female flowers, and are incomplete or unisexual.
Reproduction in Flowers
- Pollen grains are male gametes formed in the stamen.
- Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower.
- There are two types of pollination: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- Pollination can occur through insects, water, wind, or animals.
- Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes.
Fruits and Seeds
- The ovary changes into fruit and the ovules change into seeds after fertilization.
- Each seed contains an embryo that develops into a new plant.
- Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals, and humans.
- Dicotyledonous seeds have two cotyledons, while monocotyledonous seeds have one cotyledon.
Seed Germination
- Seed germination is the process of activating the inactive embryo and its growth into a seedling.
- The plumule part of the embryo grows to form the shoot, and the radicle grows into the root of the plant.
- In epigeal germination, the cotyledons form the first green leaves of the seedling.
- In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain underground and do not form leaves.
- Seed germination requires water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature.
Key Terms
- Pedicel: the stalk of the flower.
- Thalamus: the swollen structure in the flower that bears all the floral whorls.
- Plumule: the part of the embryo that grows into the shoot.
- Radicle: the part of the embryo that grows into the roots.
- Cotyledons: the seed leaves.
- Epigeal: a type of germination when the cotyledons come out of the soil.
- Hypogeal: a type of germination when the cotyledons remain under the soil.
Structure of a Flower
- A flower is a modified shoot that is the reproductive part of a plant.
- It consists of four whorls: calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.
Whorls of a Flower
- The calyx is the outermost whorl formed from sepals.
- The corolla is the second whorl formed from petals.
- The androecium is the male reproductive whorl, formed from stamens.
- The gynoecium is the female reproductive whorl, formed from carpels or pistils.
Types of Flowers
- Complete flowers have all four whorls and are bisexual.
- Flowers with only the male reproductive whorl are called male flowers.
- Flowers with only the female reproductive whorl are called female flowers, and are incomplete or unisexual.
Reproduction in Flowers
- Pollen grains are male gametes formed in the stamen.
- Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of a flower.
- There are two types of pollination: self-pollination and cross-pollination.
- Pollination can occur through insects, water, wind, or animals.
- Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes.
Fruits and Seeds
- The ovary changes into fruit and the ovules change into seeds after fertilization.
- Each seed contains an embryo that develops into a new plant.
- Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals, and humans.
- Dicotyledonous seeds have two cotyledons, while monocotyledonous seeds have one cotyledon.
Seed Germination
- Seed germination is the process of activating the inactive embryo and its growth into a seedling.
- The plumule part of the embryo grows to form the shoot, and the radicle grows into the root of the plant.
- In epigeal germination, the cotyledons form the first green leaves of the seedling.
- In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain underground and do not form leaves.
- Seed germination requires water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature.
Key Terms
- Pedicel: the stalk of the flower.
- Thalamus: the swollen structure in the flower that bears all the floral whorls.
- Plumule: the part of the embryo that grows into the shoot.
- Radicle: the part of the embryo that grows into the roots.
- Cotyledons: the seed leaves.
- Epigeal: a type of germination when the cotyledons come out of the soil.
- Hypogeal: a type of germination when the cotyledons remain under the soil.
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Description
Learn about the structure and function of flowers, including the different whorls and their reproductive roles. Understand the characteristics of complete, male, and female flowers.
