Biology practise test
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of energy for autotrophs during photosynthesis?

  • Energy from the sun (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • Soil

    • Heterotrophs can prepare their own food.

    False

    What is the name of the nutrient produced by autotrophs during photosynthesis?

    Glucose

    Plants exchange gases through tiny pores called ___________________.

    <p>stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of roots in a plant?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leaves are the organs of the shoot system adapted for photosynthesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their functions:

    <p>Roots = Anchoring the plant and transporting water and nutrients Stem = Support, conduction, photosynthesis, and storage Leaves = Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the substance produced by plants from glucose that is used to grow and build cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of stomata in plants?

    <p>To exchange gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guard cells have an even thickness of the cell wall.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of palisade mesophyll in a leaf?

    <p>To capture light for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The waxy _______________ on the surface of a leaf reduces water loss.

    <p>cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of trichomes in a plant?

    <p>To protect the plant from herbivory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spongy mesophyll has small air spaces between cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the upper epidermis in a leaf?

    <p>To allow light to pass to the mesophyll cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of potassium ions into guard cells is triggered by _______________.

    <p>active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their functions:

    <p>Cuticle = Reduces water loss from the leaf surface Palisade mesophyll = Captures light for photosynthesis Spongy mesophyll = Allows for gas exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere Trichomes = Protects the plant from herbivory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in guard cells?

    <p>To regulate stomatal opening and closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bone tissue?

    <p>Support and hold up the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerve cells can function independently without connecting with other nerve cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of structure of every living thing?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The villi in the intestines have a large surface area and are thin to ensure the greatest amount of ______________ of certain nutrients and nourishing agents into the capillaries.

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tissues with their functions:

    <p>Bone tissue = Support and hold up the body Epithelial tissue = Cover and protect the body Muscle tissue = Movement Nerve tissue = Control and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organ system?

    <p>A group of functionally related organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells have a nucleus, ribosomes, and cytosol.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of cell division that produces two identical cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure of the villi in the intestines is related to their function of ______________ nutrients and nourishing agents into the capillaries.

    <p>diffusing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of water taken up by the roots is used by the plant for growth and metabolism?

    <p>less than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes control transpiration in plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the weight-potometer experiment?

    <p>to measure the amount of water lost through transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of transpiration can be calculated by dividing the distance moved by the bubble in a potometer by the _______________.

    <p>time taken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high humidity on transpiration?

    <p>decreases transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wind can increase the rate of transpiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phloem vessels in plants?

    <p>to transport sucrose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soluble products of photosynthesis, such as sucrose and amino acids, are transported in the phloem tubes dissolved in _______________.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effects on transpiration:

    <p>High temperature = Increases transpiration High humidity = Decreases transpiration Wind = Increases transpiration Light intensity = Increases transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the temperature gets too high, the stomata will open to prevent water loss.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants make their own food?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unicellular organisms consist of multiple cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of guard cells in plants?

    <p>Regulate the opening and closing of stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of gases in simple animals occurs mainly with the ______________.

    <p>environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of tissue with their functions:

    <p>Muscle tissue = Contracts and relaxes Nerve tissue = Transmits and processes information Epithelial tissue = Forms the lining of organs and glands Connective tissue = Provides structure and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the moist membrane?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is an example of a tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter?

    <p>Atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA is an example of a type of macromolecule that contains the instructions for the ______________ of all living things.

    <p>structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, and is then released into the air as water vapor?

    <p>Transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why mineral ions cannot enter root hair cells through diffusion?

    <p>The concentration gradient is against the direction of diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water moves up the plant through the xylem due to a pressure created by the root.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the movement of water from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The loss of water vapor from the leaves occurs primarily through tiny openings called ___________________.

    <p>stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transpiration in plants?

    <p>To lose water vapor from the leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure of leaves plays a crucial role in facilitating transpiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the tendency of water molecules to stick together?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Transpiration = Loss of water vapor from the leaves Osmosis = Movement of water from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential Cohesion = Tendency of water molecules to stick together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of transpiration is essential for maintaining the plant's ___________________ and functionality.

    <p>health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of regulatory proteins in the cell?

    <p>To turn off specific genes in the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The zygote is considered totipotent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between pluripotent and multipotent cells?

    <p>Pluripotent cells can form all cell types in the body, while multipotent cells can develop into more than one cell type but are more limited than pluripotent cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cells in a developing embryo are called _______________________.

    <p>pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking unused embryos from IVF and growing them in the lab?

    <p>To form a specific tissue for medical use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adult stem cells can form all cell types in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using stem cells to grow new skin for burns victims?

    <p>The patient will only have scars in the burned area, and the stem cells leave less scarring than using skin grafts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stem cell with its description:

    <p>Embryonic Stem Cell = Can form all cell types in the body Multipotent Stem Cell = Can form several different types of cells Cord Blood Stem Cell = Found in the umbilical cord Pluripotent Stem Cell = Found in the early embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As cells continue to divide, they become more _______________________.

    <p>specialised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is easy to reverse the process of cellular specialisation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phloem tissue in plants?

    <p>To transport sugars and amino acids from leaves to the rest of the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The xylem and phloem are both used to transport carbohydrates, nutrients, and water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of transporting sugars and amino acids from the leaves to the rest of the plant called?

    <p>translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sucrose produced in the leaves can be converted back to _______ for respiration in cells.

    <p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sieve plates in the phloem tissue?

    <p>To facilitate the movement of substances from one cell to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gymnosperms and angiosperms produce seeds, while ferns produce spores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direction of transport in the phloem, from the source to the sink?

    <p>translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their functions:

    <p>Xylem = Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves Phloem = Transports sugars and amino acids from leaves to the rest of the plant Fibers = Add strength to the plant Parenchyma = Involved in storage and lateral transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of converting sugars into energy (ATP) is called _______.

    <p>respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the citric acid cycle in plant respiration?

    <p>To process pyruvate in the mitochondria, generating electron carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>To carry out photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All plant cells contain chloroplasts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the spongy mesophyll layer in a leaf?

    <p>To allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ___________________ layer is transparent and contains no chloroplasts, except in the guard cells.

    <p>lower epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the xylem in a plant?

    <p>To circulate water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phloem transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cuticle in a leaf?

    <p>To protect the leaf, reduce water loss, and not block out light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of ___________________ in a leaf is used to indicate photosynthesis has occurred.

    <p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their functions:

    <p>Stomata = Allows carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf Root hairs = Increases surface area for water absorption Palisade mesophyll cells = Increases light absorption Phloem = Transports glucose to all cells in the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The root system is the portion of the plant above ground.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phloem in plants?

    <p>Transportation of glucose and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Xylem is a two-way street, transporting water and nutrients up and down the plant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of root hairs in plant transportation?

    <p>Absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______________ is the inner, central part of the root, where the xylem and phloem are found.

    <p>stele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of water transport in xylem?

    <p>Only up the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phloem tissue is made from dead cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of xylem in plant transportation?

    <p>Transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The xylem has a characteristic _______________ shape within the stele.

    <p>X-like</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plant structures with their functions:

    <p>Xylem = Transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves Phloem = Transporting glucose and nutrients throughout the plant Root hairs = Absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil Stele = Supporting the plant's growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that affects the rate of transpiration in plants?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants with more stomata and narrower openings will generally experience lower rates of water loss.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the transpiration pull, and how does it contribute to the movement of water in plants?

    <p>The transpiration pull, also known as the cohesion-tension theory, is a mechanism that drives water upwards in the xylem. As water evaporates from the leaf surface, it creates a negative pressure gradient, which pulls on the water column, generating a cohesive force between water molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As water evaporates from the leaf surface, it creates a ___________________ pressure gradient within the xylem.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of guard cells in regulating stomatal opening and closing?

    <p>To regulate the opening and closing of stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wilting is a visible manifestation of water excess in plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a potometer, and how does it measure transpiration?

    <p>A potometer is a device used to measure transpiration and how different factors affect it. It measures the rate of water loss by observing the movement of a bubble of air in a tube connected to the plant stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The movement of water upwards in the xylem is driven by the ___________________ and cohesion-tension theory.

    <p>transpiration pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effects on transpiration:

    <p>Hot temperature = Increases water loss through transpiration Windy conditions = Increases water loss through transpiration Humid conditions = Decreases water loss through transpiration Low light intensity = Decreases water loss through transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants can adapt to water stress by reducing their surface area exposed to transpiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phloem in plants?

    <p>To transport sugars, amino acids, and other organic nutrients from sources to sinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiration provides the energy necessary for plant survival and growth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which nutrients are transported through the phloem from sources to sinks?

    <p>translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis is a mechanism that explains the process of ___________________ in plants.

    <p>translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of cell in the phloem?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phloem is only responsible for transporting water and minerals in plants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pressure differences in the translocation process?

    <p>to drive the flow of nutrient-rich sap through the phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

    • Autotrophs: obtain glucose through self-manufacture (photosynthesis)
      • Use energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose
      • Glucose gives plants energy and is used to make cellulose for growth and cell walls
    • Heterotrophs: obtain organic nutrients by consuming autotrophs or other heterotrophs
      • Rely on autotrophs and other organisms for nutrition
      • Examples: most bacterial heterotrophs, which rely on dissolved organic material for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus requirements

    Plant Structures

    • Roots:
      • Anchor the plant, transport water, minerals, and sugars, and store excess nutrients
      • Function similar to our feet, helping the plant balance
    • Stem:
      • Functions in support, conduction, photosynthesis, and storage
    • Leaves:
      • Organs of the shoot system adapted for photosynthesis
      • Contain chloroplasts and stomata for gas exchange

    Gas Exchange

    • Plants:
      • Exchange gases through stomata (tiny pores) on the underside of leaves
      • Guard cells regulate stomatal opening and closing
    • Animals:
      • Exchange gases through specialized respiratory organs (e.g., lungs, gills, skin)
      • Cells in both plants and animals perform respiration

    Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

    • Unicellular organisms:
      • Consist of one cell only
      • Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium
    • Multicellular organisms:
      • Consist of multiple cells
      • Examples: humans, animals, plants
      • Cells need to communicate and coordinate to function properly

    Tissues and Organs

    • Tissue:
      • A collection of cells that perform the same function
      • Examples: muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial tissue
    • Organ:
      • A structure that contains more than one type of tissue working together
      • Examples: heart, stomach, brain
    • Organ system:
      • A group of functionally related organs
      • Examples: digestive system, circulatory system

    Hierarchical Structure of Organisms

    • Cells:
      • The basic unit of structure and function in living organisms
      • Perform various functions, such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction
    • Organelles:
      • Specialized structures within cells
      • Examples: chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes
    • Tissues:
      • A collection of cells that perform the same function
      • Examples: muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial tissue
    • Organs:
      • A structure that contains more than one type of tissue working together
      • Examples: heart, stomach, brain
    • Organ systems:
      • A group of functionally related organs
      • Examples: digestive system, circulatory system

    Stem Cells and Differentiation

    • Stem cells:
      • Cells that have the potential to form many other cells
      • Can be totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent
    • Differentiation:
      • The process by which cells become specialized for a specific function
      • Involves the expression of specific genes and the formation of specialized structures and organelles

    Gas Exchange in Plants

    • Stomata:
      • Tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow for gas exchange
      • Regulated by guard cells
    • Photosynthesis:
      • The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy
      • Occurs in chloroplasts and requires carbon dioxide and water

    Leaf Structure and Photosynthesis

    • Leaf structure:
      • Includes the cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and lower epidermis
      • Each layer has a specific function, such as reducing water loss or capturing light for photosynthesis
    • Photosynthesis:
      • Occurs in chloroplasts and requires light energy
      • Produces glucose and oxygen as byproducts### Plant Structure and Function
    • A leaf's structure is adapted to increase light absorption and carbon dioxide diffusion:
      • Large surface area to increase light absorption
      • Thin to minimize distance for carbon dioxide diffusion
      • Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and transfers energy into chemicals
      • A network of veins supports the plant and carries water and carbohydrates
      • Stomata (pores mainly located on the underside of the leaf) allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf
    • Leaf adaptations:
      • Thin, transparent epidermis to allow more light to reach photosynthetic cells
      • Thin, waxy cuticle to protect the leaf, reduce water loss, and not block out light
      • Palisade cell layer near the top of the leaf to increase light absorption
      • Spongy mesophyll layer with spaces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf easily
      • Palisade cells contain many chloroplasts to absorb all available light

    Photosynthesis and Starch

    • The presence of starch in a leaf indicates that photosynthesis has occurred
    • A leaf makes and stores starch, which can be tested for using iodine

    Plant Systems

    • The shoot system includes the leaves, stems, flowers, buds, and (potentially) fruit
    • The root system includes the roots, which anchor the plant, absorb minerals and water, and increase surface area for absorption
    • Root hair cells increase surface area for absorption
    • Xylem vessels transport water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant
    • Xylem is made up of dead cells that form long, hollow tubes
    • Phloem vessels transport glucose and nutrients throughout the plant
    • Phloem is made up of living cells that form a two-way transport system

    Xylem and Phloem

    • Xylem vessels:
      • Transport water and dissolved minerals
      • Unidirectional movement (up the plant)
      • Made up of dead cells
    • Phloem vessels:
      • Transport glucose and nutrients
      • Bidirectional movement (up and down the plant)
      • Made up of living cells

    Water Uptake and Transpiration

    • Water uptake occurs through root hair cells, which have a large surface area and take in water and mineral ions by osmosis and active transport
    • Water moves up the plant through the xylem vessels, driven by transpiration pull and cohesion-tension theory
    • Transpiration is the process of water vapour loss from the leaves, regulated by stomata and influenced by temperature, humidity, wind, and light intensity
    • Wilting occurs when the rate of water loss through transpiration exceeds the rate of water uptake from the roots

    Investigating Transpiration

    • Potometers can be used to measure transpiration rate and investigate factors affecting it
    • Stomata regulate the opening and closing of the stomatal opening, controlling transpiration
    • Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, wind, and light intensity affect transpiration rate

    Translocation of Materials

    • Phloem vessels transport sucrose and amino acids, the products of photosynthesis, from the leaves to the rest of the plant

    • Sucrose and amino acids are transported in the phloem tubes dissolved in water

    • Phloem cells are connected end to end and contain sieve plates, facilitating the movement of substances

    • Transport in the phloem is always from source to sink, depending on the needs of the plant### Vascular Tissue

    • Vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport carbohydrates, nutrients, and water in vascular plants.

    Xylem

    • Function: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves and provides structural support.
    • Structure:
    • Tracheids: Long, thin cells for water movement.
    • Vessel Elements: Short, wide cells forming tubes for efficient transport.
    • Fibers: Add strength.
    • Parenchyma: Involved in storage and lateral transport.
    • Types:
    • Primary Xylem: Formed during initial growth.
    • Secondary Xylem: Formed during secondary growth in woody plants.
    • Mechanism: Water is pulled up through cohesion-tension, driven by transpiration.

    Plant Respiration

    • Definition: Converts sugars into energy (ATP).
    • Process:
    • Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm.
    • Citric Acid Cycle: Processes pyruvate in the mitochondria, generating electron carriers.
    • Electron Transport Chain: Uses electron carriers to produce ATP.
    • Importance: Provides energy for growth, maintenance, and metabolic activities.
    • Influencing Factors:
    • Temperature
    • Oxygen availability
    • Substrate availability
    • Water status

    Phloem and Translocation

    • Function: Transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic nutrients from sources (typically leaves) to sinks (areas of growth, storage, or metabolic activity).
    • Structure:
    • Sieve Tube Elements: Main conducting cells, lack nuclei, connected end-to-end forming sieve tubes.
    • Companion Cells: Support sieve tube elements, aid in loading and unloading of nutrients.
    • Phloem Fibers: Provide structural support.
    • Phloem Parenchyma: Involved in storage and lateral transport of nutrients.
    • Translocation:
    • Definition: The process of transporting nutrients through the phloem from sources to sinks.
    • Mechanism (Pressure-Flow Hypothesis):
      • Source Loading: Sugars are actively transported into sieve tube elements at the source, reducing water potential and causing water to enter by osmosis.
      • Pressure Build-Up: The influx of water increases pressure within the sieve tubes, driving the flow of the sap.
      • Transport: The pressure difference drives the flow of the nutrient-rich sap through the phloem.
      • Sink Unloading: Sugars are actively or passively transported out of the phloem at the sink, increasing water potential and causing water to exit the sieve tubes, relieving pressure.

    Importance of Vascular Plants

    • Ecological Functions:
    • Primary Producers: The foundation of food webs on land.
    • Establish structure and habitat when creating a habitat.
    • Impact biogeochemical cycles (carbon, water, and nutrient cycles).
    • Economic Importance:
    • Agriculture: Principal crops (corn, rice, wheat).
    • Forestry: Paper and wood for building.
    • Medicine: Source of therapeutic substances.
    • Preservation:
    • Biodiversity is vital to the health of an ecosystem.
    • Endangered Species: Many are at risk due to habitat loss and climate change.

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    Study notes on the differences in nutrient and gas requirements between autotrophs and heterotrophs, covering their food sources and roles in photosynthesis.

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