Biology Module 4 & 5: DNA & Gene Expression
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Questions and Answers

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

  • DNA helicase
  • DNA polymerase
  • RNA polymerase
  • DNA ligase (correct)

What best describes the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

  • Each new DNA molecule consists of two new strands.
  • Both strands of the original DNA are completely replicated.
  • Only one strand of the DNA serves as a template for replication.
  • Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand. (correct)

What role does a primer play in DNA replication?

  • It connects DNA fragments.
  • It provides a starting point for DNA polymerase. (correct)
  • It unwinds the DNA helix.
  • It synthesizes RNA nucleotides.

What type of mutation involves the addition or loss of one or more nucleotide pairs in a gene?

<p>Frameshift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anticodon in transfer RNA (tRNA)?

<p>It recognizes and pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

<p>To synthesize new DNA strands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed during the S phase of the cell cycle?

<p>Sister chromatids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'diploid' refer to in cellular biology?

<p>Cells containing two sets of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a karyotype?

<p>A complete set of a person's chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide varies between different nucleotides?

<p>Nitrogenous base (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histones in relation to DNA?

<p>To package DNA into nucleosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

<p>Autosomes are identical in both sexes, while sex chromosomes vary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does an abnormal chromosome number have on an organism?

<p>It can cause genetic disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?

<p>Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do homologous chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate?

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spindle apparatus during mitosis?

<p>To separate chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

<p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between meiosis and mitosis?

<p>Mitosis occurs in somatic cells while meiosis occurs in gametes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during telophase?

<p>Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of chromosome number, what is an outcome of mitosis?

<p>The chromosome number remains the same (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication?

<p>Interphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of transcription in gene expression?

<p>To convert DNA into RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the genetic code ensure proper translation of mRNA into proteins?

<p>Through a redundancy system in codon assignments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mutations primarily caused by?

<p>Environmental factors or errors during DNA replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes exons from introns in gene expression?

<p>Exons are coding sequences, while introns are non-coding regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a frameshift mutation have on a gene?

<p>It alters the reading frame, potentially changing all subsequent amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sex chromosomes from autosomes in humans?

<p>Sex chromosomes differ between males and females. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during crossing over and when does it take place?

<p>The exchange of genetic material occurs during prophase I of meiosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major contribution did Rosalind Franklin make to our understanding of DNA?

<p>She produced the first X-ray images of DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly explains the difference between gametes and somatic cells?

<p>Gametes are involved in sexual reproduction and are haploid, while somatic cells are diploid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sister chromatids relate to the structure of chromosomes?

<p>Sister chromatids are identical copies joined at the centromere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype useful for identifying?

<p>Chromosomal abnormalities and structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of tumor suppressor genes?

<p>They regulate the cell cycle and prevent tumor formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the cell's equatorial plate?

<p>Metaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA polymerase play in DNA replication?

<p>It synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes malignant cells in the context of cancer?

<p>They invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Chargaff's rules state regarding nucleotide base pairing?

<p>Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitosis in the human body?

<p>To generate identical daughter cells for growth and repair. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes diploid cells from haploid cells?

<p>Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a mutation?

<p>A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of mutations during the cell cycle?

<p>They can result in cancer, cell death, or abnormal cell functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a cleavage furrow differ between plant and animal cell division?

<p>Only animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a homozygous and a heterozygous genotype?

<p>Homozygous genotypes have two identical alleles, while heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which inheritance pattern is demonstrated when both alleles contribute to the phenotype of an individual?

<p>Codominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square illustrate in genetics?

<p>The possible combinations of alleles from parents and their associated probabilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are X-linked recessive disorders more common in males than females?

<p>Males have only one X chromosome; a single recessive allele will express the disorder. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nondisjunction during meiosis?

<p>It causes an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes, potentially leading to conditions like Down syndrome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phenotypes?

<p>Observable traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

<p>Height in humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors influence phenotypic variation?

<p>They can modify the expression of traits but do not alter the genotype. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA Replication Function of DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strand during DNA replication.

DNA Replication Function of DNA ligase

DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand during DNA replication

Semiconservative DNA Replication Model

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence.

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Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein or other functional molecule.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell, maintaining the chromosome number.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four genetically different daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell, used in sexual reproduction.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same locations.

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Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that contain half the number of chromosomes as other body cells.

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Cell Cycle

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its growth and division into two daughter cells.

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Cancer

A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the formation of tumors.

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Alleles

Different versions of a gene.

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Asexual Reproduction

A type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes, producing genetically identical offspring.

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Erwin Chargaff's rules

Rules stating that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base-pairing) of purines and pyrimidines; A=T and G=C.

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Watson and Crick's contribution

Developed the double helix model of DNA structure.

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Rosalind Franklin's contribution

Provided crucial X-ray diffraction images that helped Watson and Crick understand the DNA structure.

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Sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication, joined together.

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Centromere

Region of chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined.

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Diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).

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Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes.

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Karyotype

The complete set of chromosomes of a cell or organism.

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Chargaff's Rules

Erwin Chargaff discovered that in DNA, the amount of adenine always equals thymine (A=T) and the amount of guanine always equals cytosine (G=C).

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Watson & Crick

James Watson and Francis Crick developed the double helix model of DNA structure, explaining how the bases pair up and form a twisted ladder shape.

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Rosalind Franklin

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images of DNA provided crucial evidence for Watson and Crick's model.

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Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, while sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine gender.

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Diploid vs. Haploid

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent), while haploid cells have one set.

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DNA polymerase function

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that builds new DNA strands by adding nucleotides one by one, matching them to the template strand. It plays a key role in DNA replication, ensuring accurate copying.

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DNA ligase function

DNA ligase acts like glue, joining together the small DNA fragments called Okazaki fragments that are formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

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Semiconservative replication

During DNA replication, each new DNA molecule is composed of one original strand from the parent molecule and one newly synthesized strand. This ensures that genetic information is passed on accurately.

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What is a primer?

A primer is a short sequence of nucleotides that acts as a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin building a new DNA strand.

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What are the steps of DNA replication?

DNA replication occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves unwinding the DNA double helix and creating a replication fork. Elongation involves adding nucleotides to the growing DNA strands. Termination occurs when the two new DNA molecules are complete.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. It increases genetic variation in offspring.

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Tumor

A mass of abnormal cells that results from uncontrolled cell division. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

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Gregor Mendel's Contribution

He established the fundamental laws of inheritance through experiments on pea plants, demonstrating how traits are passed from parents to offspring. His work laid the foundation for modern genetics.

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Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Homozygous describes an individual with two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., AA or aa), while heterozygous describes an individual with two different alleles (e.g., Aa).

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Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles

A dominant allele expresses its trait even when paired with a recessive allele, while a recessive allele only expresses its trait when paired with another recessive allele.

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Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual, represented by the combination of alleles they possess. Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual.

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Monohybrid Cross

A cross between individuals that differ in a single trait. It helps understand the dominant-recessive relationships between alleles.

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Codominance vs. Incomplete Dominance

Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype (e.g., AB blood type). Incomplete dominance occurs when the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes (e.g., pink flower from red and white parents).

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Polygenic Inheritance

Inheritance of a trait controlled by multiple genes, resulting in a continuous variation in the phenotype (e.g., skin color, height).

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Pedigree Analysis

Tracing the inheritance of traits through generations of a family using symbols to represent individuals and their relationships. It helps identify inheritance patterns and predict the probability of a trait appearing in future generations.

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Study Notes

Module 4: DNA

  • Understand the history and contributors to the discovery of DNA structure and function
  • Erwin Chargaff's rules for base pairing, calculation of DNA nucleotide composition
  • Watson and Crick's model, Rosalind Franklin's contribution, Hershey-Chase experiment
  • Leveled organization of genes, definition and organization of sister chromatids
  • Definition and function of centromeres, histones, nucleotide components, and how they differentiate
  • Base pairing, RNA and DNA base differences, bonds that hold DNA bases together
  • Sequence of bases determines species diversity
  • Chromosome arrangement in humans and abnormal chromosome numbers

Module 5: Gene Expression

  • Diagram the components and the process of gene expression (transcription and translation)
  • Definition of a gene, the steps of gene expression
  • DNA and RNA differences, transcription
  • Alternative splicing, intron and exon roles
  • What a DNA strand looks like as RNA after transcription
  • RNA codons, function of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA and how they work together in translation
  • Genetic code application in protein synthesis
  • Negative consequences of genetic mutations

Module 6: Cellular Reproduction

  • Explore the ethical, medical, and historical ramifications of the use of HeLa cells
  • Benefits of using HeLa cell lines for studying human diseases
  • Stages of the cell cycle and mitosis
  • Order the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis and cytoplasmic division in plants and animals
  • Mitosis maintenance of chromosome numbers, role in the human body
  • Differences between sexual (meiosis) and asexual reproduction (mitosis)
  • Meiosis and mitosis in process and resulting daughter cells
  • Purpose of crossing over and when it occurs
  • Relationship between homologous chromosomes, alleles
  • Processes involved at the different stages of mitosis and meiosis, what happens at each stage
  • Differences between gametes and somatic cells and their function
  • Consequences of mutations during the cell cycle
  • Characteristics of metastasis, malignant cells, tumors, tumor suppressor genes, and oncogenes
  • Effects of X-linked disorders

Module 7: Pattern of Inheritance

  • Gregor Mendel's history and study of heredity in pea plants
  • Mendel's contribution to the study of inheritance
  • Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, dominant and recessive alleles
  • Difference between genotype and phenotype
  • Punnett squares to illustrate Mendelian inheritance patterns of a monohybrid and dihybrid cross
  • Monohybrid cross to reveal relationship between alleles, variations of Mendelian inheritance patterns in humans (examples)
  • Codominance and incomplete dominance, examples of polygenic and pleiotropic inheritance
  • Influence of environmental factors on phenotype variation (nature vs nurture)
  • Pedigrees for analyzing human inheritance patterns
  • Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns, such as Achondroplasia and Tay-Sachs
  • Why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males
  • Effects of nondisjunction (polyploidy vs. aneuploidy): Klinefelter, Turner, Down Syndromes

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of DNA and gene expression in this comprehensive quiz. Delve into the history of DNA discovery, the structure and function of DNA, and the mechanisms involved in gene transcription and translation. Test your knowledge on the contributions of key figures and the processes that govern genetic information.

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