Biology Module 4 & 5: DNA & Gene Expression

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Questions and Answers

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

DNA helicase

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

DNA ligase (correct)

What best describes the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

Each new DNA molecule consists of two new strands.

Both strands of the original DNA are completely replicated.

Only one strand of the DNA serves as a template for replication.

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand. (correct)

What role does a primer play in DNA replication?

It connects DNA fragments.

It provides a starting point for DNA polymerase. (correct)

It unwinds the DNA helix.

It synthesizes RNA nucleotides.

What type of mutation involves the addition or loss of one or more nucleotide pairs in a gene?

Frameshift Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anticodon in transfer RNA (tRNA)?

It recognizes and pairs with the corresponding codon on mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

To synthesize new DNA strands Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Sister chromatids Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'diploid' refer to in cellular biology?

Cells containing two sets of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a karyotype?

A complete set of a person's chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide varies between different nucleotides?

Nitrogenous base Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of histones in relation to DNA?

To package DNA into nucleosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

Autosomes are identical in both sexes, while sex chromosomes vary Signup and view all the answers

What impact does an abnormal chromosome number have on an organism?

It can cause genetic disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do homologous chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spindle apparatus during mitosis?

To separate chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between meiosis and mitosis?

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells while meiosis occurs in gametes Signup and view all the answers

What happens during telophase?

Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

In terms of chromosome number, what is an outcome of mitosis?

The chromosome number remains the same Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of transcription in gene expression?

To convert DNA into RNA Signup and view all the answers

How does the genetic code ensure proper translation of mRNA into proteins?

Through a redundancy system in codon assignments Signup and view all the answers

What are mutations primarily caused by?

Environmental factors or errors during DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes exons from introns in gene expression?

Exons are coding sequences, while introns are non-coding regions. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a frameshift mutation have on a gene?

It alters the reading frame, potentially changing all subsequent amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sex chromosomes from autosomes in humans?

Sex chromosomes differ between males and females. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during crossing over and when does it take place?

The exchange of genetic material occurs during prophase I of meiosis. Signup and view all the answers

What major contribution did Rosalind Franklin make to our understanding of DNA?

She produced the first X-ray images of DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly explains the difference between gametes and somatic cells?

Gametes are involved in sexual reproduction and are haploid, while somatic cells are diploid. Signup and view all the answers

How do sister chromatids relate to the structure of chromosomes?

Sister chromatids are identical copies joined at the centromere. Signup and view all the answers

What is a karyotype useful for identifying?

Chromosomal abnormalities and structure. Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of tumor suppressor genes?

They regulate the cell cycle and prevent tumor formation. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up at the cell's equatorial plate?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA polymerase play in DNA replication?

It synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes malignant cells in the context of cancer?

They invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize. Signup and view all the answers

What do Chargaff's rules state regarding nucleotide base pairing?

Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitosis in the human body?

To generate identical daughter cells for growth and repair. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes diploid cells from haploid cells?

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a mutation?

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of mutations during the cell cycle?

They can result in cancer, cell death, or abnormal cell functions. Signup and view all the answers

How does a cleavage furrow differ between plant and animal cell division?

Only animal cells form a cleavage furrow, while plant cells form a cell plate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a homozygous and a heterozygous genotype?

Homozygous genotypes have two identical alleles, while heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles. Signup and view all the answers

Which inheritance pattern is demonstrated when both alleles contribute to the phenotype of an individual?

Codominance Signup and view all the answers

What does a Punnett square illustrate in genetics?

The possible combinations of alleles from parents and their associated probabilities. Signup and view all the answers

Why are X-linked recessive disorders more common in males than females?

Males have only one X chromosome; a single recessive allele will express the disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of nondisjunction during meiosis?

It causes an abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes, potentially leading to conditions like Down syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What are phenotypes?

Observable traits resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

Height in humans Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors influence phenotypic variation?

They can modify the expression of traits but do not alter the genotype. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 4: DNA

Understand the history and contributors to the discovery of DNA structure and function
Erwin Chargaff's rules for base pairing, calculation of DNA nucleotide composition
Watson and Crick's model, Rosalind Franklin's contribution, Hershey-Chase experiment
Leveled organization of genes, definition and organization of sister chromatids
Definition and function of centromeres, histones, nucleotide components, and how they differentiate
Base pairing, RNA and DNA base differences, bonds that hold DNA bases together
Sequence of bases determines species diversity
Chromosome arrangement in humans and abnormal chromosome numbers

Module 5: Gene Expression

Diagram the components and the process of gene expression (transcription and translation)
Definition of a gene, the steps of gene expression
DNA and RNA differences, transcription
Alternative splicing, intron and exon roles
What a DNA strand looks like as RNA after transcription
RNA codons, function of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA and how they work together in translation
Genetic code application in protein synthesis
Negative consequences of genetic mutations

Module 6: Cellular Reproduction

Explore the ethical, medical, and historical ramifications of the use of HeLa cells
Benefits of using HeLa cell lines for studying human diseases
Stages of the cell cycle and mitosis
Order the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis and cytoplasmic division in plants and animals
Mitosis maintenance of chromosome numbers, role in the human body
Differences between sexual (meiosis) and asexual reproduction (mitosis)
Meiosis and mitosis in process and resulting daughter cells
Purpose of crossing over and when it occurs
Relationship between homologous chromosomes, alleles
Processes involved at the different stages of mitosis and meiosis, what happens at each stage
Differences between gametes and somatic cells and their function
Consequences of mutations during the cell cycle
Characteristics of metastasis, malignant cells, tumors, tumor suppressor genes, and oncogenes
Effects of X-linked disorders

Module 7: Pattern of Inheritance

Gregor Mendel's history and study of heredity in pea plants
Mendel's contribution to the study of inheritance
Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, dominant and recessive alleles
Difference between genotype and phenotype
Punnett squares to illustrate Mendelian inheritance patterns of a monohybrid and dihybrid cross
Monohybrid cross to reveal relationship between alleles, variations of Mendelian inheritance patterns in humans (examples)
Codominance and incomplete dominance, examples of polygenic and pleiotropic inheritance
Influence of environmental factors on phenotype variation (nature vs nurture)
Pedigrees for analyzing human inheritance patterns
Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns, such as Achondroplasia and Tay-Sachs
Why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males
Effects of nondisjunction (polyploidy vs. aneuploidy): Klinefelter, Turner, Down Syndromes

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of DNA and gene expression in this comprehensive quiz. Delve into the history of DNA discovery, the structure and function of DNA, and the mechanisms involved in gene transcription and translation. Test your knowledge on the contributions of key figures and the processes that govern genetic information.