BIO 189 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

BIO 189 Final Study Guide It is recommended that you review this study guide to prepare for your midterm in the next module. The final covers learning concepts in Modules 4-7 (Chapters 7-10 in Biology Today and Tomorrow With Physiology (6th ed.). As a reminder, you can access the readings through t...

BIO 189 Final Study Guide It is recommended that you review this study guide to prepare for your midterm in the next module. The final covers learning concepts in Modules 4-7 (Chapters 7-10 in Biology Today and Tomorrow With Physiology (6th ed.). As a reminder, you can access the readings through the Read section of each module. Note: Specific topics can be searched within the eBook by utilizing the search bar located in the upper right-hand corner of the screen Module 4: DNA Key Terms – Chapter 7 autosomes diploid primer centromere DNA polymerase sex chromosomes chromosome number DNA replication sister chromatids chromosomes DNA sequence somatic cell nuclear transfer clones histones (SCNT) differentiation karyotype mutation Develop an understanding of the history of and contributors to the discovery of the structure and function of DNA ○ What is Erwin Chargaff’s rules for base pairing? How do we calculate DNA nucleotide composition? ○ What did Watson and Crick develop? ○ What was Rosalind Franklin’s major contribution? ○ What did Hershey & Chase contribute to the discovery of DNA? Describe the leveled organization of genes ○ What are sister chromatids? How are they organized within the chromosome? What is a centromere? What are histones? ○ What are the components of a nucleotide? Which component differentiates each nucleotide? What is base pairing? What are the nucleotide bases? How are the bases different between RNA and DNA? What type of bond hold the DNA base pairs together? How can the sequence of bases contribute to the diversity among species? Explain the arrangement of chromosomes in humans and the results of abnormal chromosome number.  ○ What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes? What is the chromosome number and arrangement for the average human male and/or the human female? ○ What does it mean to be a diploid cell? What is a haploid cell? ○ What is a Karyotype? What kind of information can be inferred from a karyotype? Identify the components and describe the processes of DNA replication. ○ What are the functions of the enzymes for DNA replication including DNA polymerase and DNA ligase? Define a primer. ○ What is the semiconservative model? ○ What are the steps of DNA replication? What is the result of DNA replication? ○ What is a mutation? What causes nucleotide dimers? Module 5- Gene Expression Key Terms – Chapter 8 anticodon genetic code transcription base-pair substitution insertion transfer RNA (tRNA) codons introns translation deletion knockout epigenetic messenger RNA (mRNA) exons promoter gene expression ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes RNA polymerase Diagram the components and process of gene expression (transcription and translation) ○ What is a gene? What is gene expression and what are the steps involved with gene expression? ○ Compare and contrast DNA and RNA in form and function. ○ What is DNA transcription? How does it differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Understand the stage of transcription and the components. Alternative splicing Introns and Exons ○ What would a DNA strand look like as RNA after transcription? ○ RNA codons ○ What is translation? How do each of the components work together to translate the mRNA? Functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Explore the application of the genetic code for protein synthesis and the negative consequences of genetic mutations ○ How does the genetic code work in translation? ○ Explain the results of the types of mutations  Substitution Frameshift (insertion, deletion) ○ How can mutations be beneficial? ○ How do environmental factors affect gene expression in offspring? Module 6: Cellular Reproduction Key Terms – Chapter 9 alleles haploid prophase anaphase homologous chromosomes sexual reproduction asexual reproduction interphase spindle cancer meiosis telophase cell cycle metaphase tumor cleavage furrow metastasis zygote crossing over mitosis gametes oncogene Explore the ethical, medical, and historical ramifications for the study and use of HeLA cells ○ What are some of the benefits of using cell lines to study human diseases? Describe the movement of the chromosomes in the stages of the cell cycle Order the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis. ○ Compare and contrast cytoplasmic division in plants and animals. Microtubules Describe what happens at each of the Cell Cycle Checkpoints ○ How does Mitosis maintain the chromosome number? ○ What is the role of Mitosis in the human body? Explain the differences between sexual (meiosis) and asexual reproduction (mitosis) ○ Compare and contrast Meiosis and Mitosis in process and resulting daughter cells What is the purpose of crossing over and when does it occur? ○ What are Homologous chromosomes? What is their relationship to alleles? ○ Identify the processes that are involved in each stage of Mitosis and Meiosis What is happening at each stage? Identify the differences between gametes and somatic cells and their functions ○ What are gametes and how are they produced? Explain the consequences of mutations in the cell cycle ○ Define and/or know the characteristics of the following: metastasis, malignant cells, tumors, tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Understand the effects of X-linked disorders. Module 7: Pattern of Inheritance Key Terms – Chapter 10 aneuploidy heterozygous pleiotropy codominance homozygous polygenic inheritance dihybrid cross nondisjunction polyploidy monohybrid cross pedigrees Punnett square dominant phenotype recessive genotype incomplete dominance Explore the history of Gregor Mendel and his study of heredity in pea plants ○ Explain Gregor Mendel’s contribution to the study of inheritance ○ Homozygous and heterozygous genotype ○ Dominant and Recessive alleles ○ What are genotypes and phenotypes? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? Develop Punnett squares to illustrate Mendelian inheritance patterns of a monohybrid and dihybrid cross ○ How does a monohybrid cross reveal dominant-recessive relationships between alleles? Determine variations of Mendelian inheritance in inheritance patterns observed in humans ○ Compare and contrast codominance and incomplete dominance ABO blood groups ○ Examples of polygenic and pleiotropic inheritance Skin color Height Sickle Cell Anemia Discuss the environmental factors that influence variation in phenotypes ○ “Nature vs. Nurture” ○ Examples of environmental factors ○ Causes of continuous variation Develop and analyze pedigrees of observed human genetic disorders How are pedigrees used to study human inheritance patterns? Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance patterns: Achondroplasia inheritance Tay-Sachs Disease Explain why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males than in females. 1. Color-blindness inheritance Discuss the effects of nondisjunction Polyploidy vs. aneuploidy 1. Klinefelter Syndrome 2. Turner Syndrome 3. Down Syndrome