Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA?
What is the main difference between the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA?
- DNA has 1 sugar-phosphate backbone, while RNA has 2
- RNA has 1 sugar-phosphate backbone, while DNA has 2 (correct)
- RNA has 3 sugar-phosphate backbone, while DNA has 1
- DNA has 3 sugar-phosphate backbone, while RNA has 1
What is the base pairing rule for RNA?
What is the base pairing rule for RNA?
- A-G, C-U
- A-T, C-G
- A-C, G-T
- A-U, C-G (correct)
What is the role of RNA polymerase in the process of transcription?
What is the role of RNA polymerase in the process of transcription?
- It uses the DNA as a template to make messenger RNA (correct)
- It separates the DNA strands
- It scans for the start codon AUG
- It translates the mRNA into a protein
What happens to the messenger RNA after it leaves the nucleus?
What happens to the messenger RNA after it leaves the nucleus?
What is the result of a mutation in the DNA base sequence?
What is the result of a mutation in the DNA base sequence?
What is the function of the ribosome in the process of translation?
What is the function of the ribosome in the process of translation?
What is the result of the abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the result of the abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the sequence of events that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin?
What is the sequence of events that leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin?
What is the reason why sickle cell disease is more common in people of Afro-Caribbean origin?
What is the reason why sickle cell disease is more common in people of Afro-Caribbean origin?
What is the process by which an organism with an advantageous trait adapts and survives to pass the trait to its offspring?
What is the process by which an organism with an advantageous trait adapts and survives to pass the trait to its offspring?
What is the correct model of what happens inside a yeast cell?
What is the correct model of what happens inside a yeast cell?
What is the purpose of the ribosome in the process of protein creation?
What is the purpose of the ribosome in the process of protein creation?
Flashcards
Structure of DNA
Structure of DNA
DNA has a double-stranded structure with two sugar-phosphate backbones.
Structure of RNA
Structure of RNA
RNA has a single-stranded structure with one sugar-phosphate backbone.
Base Pairing in DNA
Base Pairing in DNA
Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
Base Pairing in RNA
Base Pairing in RNA
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Transcription Process
Transcription Process
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Role of mRNA
Role of mRNA
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Translation Process
Translation Process
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Codon
Codon
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Mutation
Mutation
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Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Study Notes
Structure of DNA and RNA
- DNA has a double-stranded structure with two sugar-phosphate backbones, while RNA has a single backbone.
- Base pairing rules differ: DNA pairs adenine (A) with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G); RNA pairs adenine (A) with uracil (U) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G).
Transcription and Translation
- DNA transcription involves RNA polymerase unzipping DNA, using it as a template to synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA).
- mRNA exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm for translation.
- In translation, mRNA binds to a ribosome, which locates the start codon AUG to begin protein synthesis.
- The ribosome continues scanning the mRNA until it encounters a stop codon, completing protein synthesis.
Amino Acids and Genetic Code
- Each codon consists of three nucleotide bases on mRNA; corresponds to specific amino acids according to the genetic code.
- For example, a 3-letter codon can be used to find and define the specific amino acid sequence.
Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease
- A mutation is defined as an error in the DNA sequence that leads to variations; it can alter amino acids in proteins.
- In sickle cell disease, the mutation process includes several steps:
- DNA replication errors lead to base substitutions.
- Mutated DNA results in altered mRNA.
- Ribosome translates the mutated mRNA, producing an abnormal protein.
- This abnormal protein leads to the formation of sickle-shaped red blood cells, causing the disease.
Natural Selection
- Natural selection favors organisms with advantageous traits that enhance survival and reproduction, allowing those traits to be passed to their offspring.
- Sickle cell disease is prevalent in individuals of Afro-Caribbean descent due to historical exposure to malaria; the sickle cell trait offers protection against malaria, leading to a higher frequency of the trait.
Yeast Cell Model
- Model 2 accurately demonstrates the process in yeast cells, showing how RNA polymerase transcribes spider DNA into mRNA, which ribosomes then translate into proteins.
- Model 1 is incorrect as it claims yeast cells cannot read spider genes; all DNA can be transcribed and translated universally across species.
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