Biology Module 4 & 5: DNA and Gene Expression
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

  • To remove RNA primers
  • To join Okazaki fragments together
  • To unwind the DNA double helix
  • To synthesize new DNA strands (correct)

The semiconservative model of DNA replication results in two DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

True (A)

Define a mutation.

A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.

In gene expression, the process that converts DNA into RNA is called ______.

<p>transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mutations with their descriptions:

<p>Substitution = A single nucleotide is replaced by another Frameshift = Addition or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame Insertion = A segment of DNA is added to a chromosome Deletion = A segment of DNA is removed from a chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Rosalind Franklin's major contribution to the understanding of DNA?

<p>Discovering the structure of DNA through X-ray diffraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Erwin Chargaff's rules state regarding base pairing?

<p>Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term ______ refers to a complete set of chromosomes in an organism.

<p>karyotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about haploid cells is true?

<p>They contain one set of chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Autosomes = Non-sex chromosomes Diploid = Cells with two sets of chromosomes Sex chromosomes = Chromosomes determining sex Histones = Proteins that organize DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication is the process of copying the DNA molecule to produce two identical copies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond holds the DNA base pairs together?

<p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells?

<p>Asexual reproduction (C), Mitosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crossing over occurs during Meiosis I and is essential for genetic diversity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitosis in the human body?

<p>Growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes are called ______.

<p>diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term related to cell reproduction with its description:

<p>Meiosis = Production of gametes Asexual reproduction = Single parent cell division Mitosis = Division resulting in identical cells Homologous chromosomes = Chromosomes that have the same genes but may contain different alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of cancer cells?

<p>They can proliferate uncontrollably. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Somatic cells are involved in sexual reproduction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between gametes and somatic cells.

<p>Gametes are reproductive cells (haploid) while somatic cells are non-reproductive and typically diploid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the phenotype of an organism?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homozygous genotypes consist of two different alleles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Punnett square in genetics?

<p>To predict the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring from a genetic cross.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inheritance pattern in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype is called __________.

<p>codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic disorders with their inheritance patterns:

<p>Achondroplasia = Autosomal dominant Tay-Sachs Disease = Autosomal recessive Klinefelter Syndrome = X-linked recessive Turner Syndrome = Chromosomal abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the phenomenon of pleiotropy?

<p>A single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both polyploidy and aneuploidy result from nondisjunction during cell division.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.

<p>Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, while phenotype refers to the observable traits or characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for sealing gaps between DNA fragments during replication?

<p>DNA ligase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic transcription, which of the following accurately describes the role of introns?

<p>Non-coding regions that are removed during RNA processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do environmental factors influence gene expression in offspring?

<p>They can cause epigenetic modifications that affect gene expression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of translation in terms of the role of tRNA?

<p>It carries amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs in a DNA sequence?

<p>Frameshift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle involves the replication of DNA?

<p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly contrasts meiosis and mitosis?

<p>Meiosis involves two rounds of division, while mitosis involves one. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do oncogenes play in the development of cancer?

<p>They promote uncontrolled cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during telophase of mitosis?

<p>Nuclear membranes re-form around each set of chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do gametes differ from somatic cells?

<p>Gametes are haploid, while somatic cells are diploid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cell cycle checkpoints?

<p>To monitor and repair any DNA damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the movement of chromosomes to opposite poles during cell division?

<p>Anaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

<p>Autosomes contain genes for traits other than sex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a karyotype provide insights into an individual's health?

<p>It reveals the number and structure of chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide is responsible for differentiating one nucleotide from another?

<p>The nitrogenous base. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic makeup of a diploid cell?

<p>Two complete sets of chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bond links the base pairs in a DNA molecule?

<p>Hydrogen bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of DNA replication, what role do primers play?

<p>They initiate the synthesis of the new DNA strand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major contribution of Hershey and Chase to the understanding of DNA?

<p>They confirmed that DNA is the genetic material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines sister chromatids within a chromosome?

<p>They are identical copies connected at the centromere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do pedigrees play in genetics?

<p>They illustrate patterns of inheritance across generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance?

<p>Height (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are X-linked recessive disorders more prevalent in males than females?

<p>Males possess only one X chromosome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

<p>In codominance, both alleles are expressed fully, while in incomplete dominance, a new phenotype arises. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a monohybrid cross?

<p>It studies only one trait with two alleles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nondisjunction' refer to?

<p>Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these traits is an example of pleiotropy?

<p>Sickle Cell Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does polyploidy differ from aneuploidy?

<p>Polyploidy results in the gain of an extra chromosome set, while aneuploidy results in an extra or missing single chromosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Erwin Chargaff's rules

Rules describing the specific pairing of DNA bases: A with T, and G with C. This tells us that the amount of adenine will always equal thymine, and the amount of guanine will always equal cytosine in DNA.

DNA Replication

The process of creating two identical DNA molecules from a single original DNA molecule.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome, joined together at the centromere.

Diploid Cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).

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Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

Autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual, while sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine the sex.

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DNA Nucleotide

The building block of DNA, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Karyotype

A visual representation of the complete set of chromosomes in an organism.

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DNA Polymerase

The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication.

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DNA Replication Functions

DNA replication involves enzymes like DNA polymerase (copies DNA) and DNA ligase (joins DNA fragments) to create two identical DNA molecules from one original.

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Semiconservative Replication

Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly-synthesized strand.

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DNA Replication Steps

DNA unwinds, new strands are built using the original strand as a template, and the new strands are joined together.

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Gene Expression Steps

Gene expression involves two main steps: transcription (copying DNA to RNA) and translation (using RNA to build proteins).

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence. It can be a substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotides.

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Haploid

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes. For example, human gametes are haploid and have 23 chromosomes each.

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Mitosis

A type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This ensures that all cells in a multicellular organism contain the same genetic information.

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Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division used for sexual reproduction. It produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is essential for the creation of gametes, such as sperm and egg cells.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. This creates new combinations of alleles, leading to genetic diversity.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that carry genes for the same traits at the same locations (loci). However, they can have different alleles.

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Alleles

Alternative forms of a gene, responsible for variations in traits. For example, the gene for eye color has alleles for blue, brown, and green eyes.

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Gametes

Specialized reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) produced through meiosis, containing half the number of chromosomes as a somatic cell.

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Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that normally regulate cell growth and division. When these genes are mutated, they can contribute to cancer development.

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Gregor Mendel

An Austrian monk who studied inheritance in pea plants and is considered the father of genetics.

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Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

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Heterozygous

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

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Dominant Allele

An allele that masks the expression of another allele when present.

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Recessive Allele

An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by letters.

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Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by genotype and environment.

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Monohybrid Cross

A cross between two individuals that differ in only one trait.

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Chargaff's Rules

The amount of adenine (A) in DNA always equals the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) always equals the amount of cytosine (C).

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What did Watson and Crick discover?

They developed the double helix model of DNA structure, which is now considered the most important discovery in the history of molecular biology.

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What did Rosalind Franklin contribute?

She provided crucial X-ray diffraction images of DNA, which played a key role in Watson and Crick's discovery.

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What did Hershey and Chase contribute?

They demonstrated that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material.

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What is a centromere?

The constricted region of a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined.

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What is a Karyotype?

A visual representation of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs by size and shape.

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How many chromosomes do humans have?

Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

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What is DNA replication?

The process of making two identical copies of DNA from one original DNA molecule.

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DNA ligase

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, creating a continuous strand.

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Primer

A short strand of RNA or DNA needed to initiate DNA replication by providing a starting point for DNA polymerase.

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Semiconservative model

The model of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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What is the result of DNA replication?

DNA replication produces two identical DNA molecules, ensuring that the genetic information is passed on accurately to daughter cells.

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Oncogenes

Genes that can promote uncontrolled cell growth and division, leading to cancer development.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor site to other parts of the body.

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Gregor Mendel's contribution

He established the fundamental principles of inheritance by studying pea plants, laying the groundwork for modern genetics.

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Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Homozygous: two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., AA or aa). Heterozygous: two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Aa).

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Dominant & Recessive Alleles

Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles when present. Recessive alleles are only expressed when two copies are present.

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Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., Aa), while phenotype is the observable physical trait (e.g., brown eyes).

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Codominance

Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. Example: AB blood type.

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Incomplete dominance

Neither allele completely masks the other, leading to a blended phenotype. Example: Pink flowers from red and white parents.

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Pedigrees

Family trees used to track the inheritance of traits over generations. They help identify dominant or recessive traits by tracing patterns of inheritance.

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Study Notes

Module 4: DNA

  • Understand the history and contributors to the discovery of DNA structure and function.
  • Know Chargaff's rules for base pairing and how to calculate DNA nucleotide composition.
  • Watson and Crick's contribution and Rosalind Franklin's contribution.
  • Hershey and Chase's contribution to the discovery of DNA.
  • Describe the organization of genes.
  • Define sister chromatids and their arrangement within a chromosome.
  • Define a centromere.
  • Define and describe histones.
  • Describe the components of a nucleotide and the differentiating component.
  • Define base pairing and the nucleotide bases, highlighting differences between RNA and DNA.
  • Explain the bond holding DNA base pairs together.
  • Explain how the sequence of bases contributes to species diversity.
  • Explain the arrangement of chromosomes in humans and the results of abnormal chromosome numbers.

Module 5: Gene Expression

  • Diagram the components and process of gene expression (transcription and translation).
  • Define a gene, gene expression, and the steps involved.
  • Compare and contrast DNA and RNA structure and function.
  • Explain DNA transcription, focusing on prokaryotic and eukaryotic differences, including alternative splicing, introns, and exons.
  • Describe what a DNA strand would look like as RNA after transcription.
  • Define RNA codons and translation, and how the components work together.
  • Explore the application of the genetic code in protein synthesis and the consequences of mutations.
  • Explain how the genetic code works in translation.
  • Explain the types of mutations.

Module 6: Cellular Reproduction

  • Explore the ethical, medical, and historical ramifications of HeLa cell usage in studying human disease.
  • Describe the movement of chromosomes during the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis.
  • Order the stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, including cytoplasmic division differences in plants and animals.
  • Explain the role of mitosis in maintaining chromosome number, including mitosis checkpoints.
  • Differentiate between sexual (meiosis) and asexual (mitosis) reproduction, comparing and contrasting the processes and daughter cells.
  • Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis regarding their processes, resulting daughter cells, purpose of crossing over, homologous chromosomes, and relationship to alleles, and the identification of processes in each stage.
  • Identify the differences between gametes and somatic cells and their functions, including gamete production.
  • Explain the consequences of mutations in the cell cycle, defining and characterizing metastasis, malignant cells, tumors, tumor suppressor genes, and oncogenes.
  • Understand the effects of X-linked disorders.
  • How environmental factors affect gene expression in offspring.
  • How can mutations be beneficial?
  • Describe substitution frameshift (insertion, deletion).

Module 7: Pattern of Inheritance

  • Explore the history of Gregor Mendel and his study of inheritance in pea plants.
  • Explain Gregor Mendel's contributions, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, and dominant and recessive alleles.
  • Describe genotypes and phenotypes, and differentiate between them.
  • Develop Punnett squares to illustrate Mendelian inheritance patterns (monohybrid and dihybrid crosses).
  • Explain how a monohybrid cross reveals dominant-recessive relationships between alleles.
  • Determine variations of Mendelian inheritance in different inheritance patterns observed in humans, such as ABO blood groups, skin color, and height.
  • Discuss environmental factors influencing phenotype variation ("nature vs. nurture").
  • Explain how pedigrees are used to study human inheritance patterns.
  • Develop and analyze pedigrees of observed human genetic disorders, including autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns, such as Achondroplasia and Tay-Sachs Disease.
  • Explain why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males than females, focusing on color blindness, polyploidy, aneuploidy (Klinefelter, Turner, and Down Syndromes).

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in DNA structure, function, and gene expression. Explore historical contributions to the discovery of DNA, base pairing rules, and the organization of genes. Additionally, understand the processes involved in transcription and translation in gene expression.

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