Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the principle of cell theory?
Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
Which cytoskeletal element is composed of intertwined helical chains of actin molecules and plays a role in muscle contraction and amoeboid movement?
How is ATP produced in the TCA cycle?
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What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of creatine phosphate (CP) to ATP?
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Which type of pressure is exerted by a stationary fluid on an object, such as a membrane?
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Which type of cell junction acts like 'spot rivets' to anchor adjacent cells together and is most abundant in tissues subject to stretching?
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Imagine that a mutation causes the electron carrier molecule NADH to stop working. What would happen to the net ATP produced from aerobic metabolism?
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
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If a cell with an osmolarity of 300 mOsmol/L is placed into a solution containing 100 mmol/L of KCl and 50 mmol/L of urea, what is the osmolarity & tonicity of the solution in relation to the cell?
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Which type of vesicular transport mechanism does not involve fusion with lysosomes?
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What is the primary role of the Na+-K+ pump in cellular physiology?
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In which type of cells does secondary active transport primarily function to move glucose against its concentration gradient?
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How many ions can the Na+-K+ ATPase pump transport per second in a single nerve cell membrane?
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Which form of endocytosis is commonly known as 'cell drinking' due to its method of nonselective fluid uptake?
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What is the role of docking markers (v-SNARE and t-SNARE) during exocytosis?
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Why is it crucial for cells to maintain a balance between endocytosis and exocytosis?
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What distinguishes macropinocytosis from other forms of endocytosis?
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Which type of endocytosis selectively targets specific molecules?
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What is the main function of the sodium-potassium ATPase in nerve cells?
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Which of the following best describes the principle of cell theory?
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Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
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How is the tonicity determined for a solution?
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At the beginning, NaCl concentration is 400 mmol/L. After being dissolved in water, what is the molarity and osmolarity of the solution?
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Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
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Which cytosolic component is responsible for facilitating intracellular reactions involving the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules?
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Which cytoskeletal element is composed of intertwined helical chains of actin molecules and plays a role in muscle contraction and amoeboid movement?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of membrane protein?
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Which lipid is the most abundant in the plasma membrane?
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What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CP to ATP?
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Imagine that a mutation causes the electron carrier molecule NADH to stop working. What would happen to the net ATP produced from aerobic metabolism?
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Which of the options below best describes the site of electron drop off by FADH2?
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Which complex is not responsible for transporting H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space?
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
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How much ATP is produced from the ETC alone?
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How is ATP produced in the TCA?
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Which of the following is true regarding the TCA?
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McArdle disease is?
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What type of cell junction acts like 'spot rivets' to anchor adjacent cells together and is most abundant in tissues subject to stretching?
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Which type of cell junction is primarily found within the GI tract?
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What are the three main mechanisms of cell-to-cell adhesions?
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Which of the following is correct regarding factors affecting the rate of net diffusion across a membrane (Fick's Law)?
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Which type of pressure is exerted by a stationary fluid on an object, such as a membrane?
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Water can only move into the cell through Aquaporin?
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At the beginning, KCl concentration was 300 mmol/L. After being dissolved in water, what is the molarity and osmolarity of the solution?
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If a cell with an osmolarity of 300 mOsmol/L is placed into a solution containing 100 mmol/L of KCl and 50 mmol/L of urea, what is the osmolarity & tonicity of the solution in relation to the cell?
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What type of vesicular transport system does NOT fuse with lysosomes?
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What is the primary function of the Na+-K+ pump?
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In which cells does secondary active transport play a significant role in moving glucose against its concentration gradient?
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The Na+-K+ ATPase pump can transport approximately how many ions per second in a single nerve cell membrane?
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Which form of endocytosis is often referred to as 'cell drinking' due to its nonselective uptake of extracellular fluid?
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In exocytosis, what is the purpose of the docking markers (v-SNARE and t-SNARE) on vesicles and the plasma membrane?
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Why is the balance between endocytosis and exocytosis important for cells?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory and Membrane Dynamics
- Cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Types of membrane proteins include integral, peripheral, and transmembrane proteins, which facilitate various functions such as transport and signaling.
Tonicity and Solutions
- Tonicity of a solution is determined by the concentration of solutes relative to the intracellular fluid.
- Molarity refers to the concentration of a solute in a solution, while osmolarity considers all particles in solution, including ions.
- For NaCl at 400 mmol/L, the molarity remains 400 mmol/L while osmolarity doubles to 800 mOsmol/L due to dissociation into Na+ and Cl-.
- KCl at 300 mmol/L also has a molarity of 300 mmol/L and osmolarity of 600 mOsmol/L because it dissociates into K+ and Cl-.
Cellular Metabolism
- Stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (TCA), and oxidative phosphorylation; fermentation is not a stage.
- ATP produced from the electron transport chain (ETC) is approximately 34 ATP per glucose, while TCA directly produces 1 ATP per cycle.
- NADH is crucial for aerobic metabolism; a mutation halting its function greatly reduces ATP yield.
- Electrons from FADH2 drop off at complex II, while complex II does not pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space.
Cytoskeletal Elements and Cell Junctions
- Actin filaments are composed of intertwined helical chains of actin, playing vital roles in muscle contraction and cellular movement.
- Desmosomes function like "spot rivets" anchoring cells together, particularly in tissues experiencing mechanical stress.
Vesicular Transport
- Non-fusible vesicular transport systems include pinocytosis, which is the uptake of extracellular fluid.
- Exocytosis involves docking markers (v-SNARE and t-SNARE) ensuring fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents.
Transport Mechanisms
- Na+-K+ ATPase pump maintains the electrochemical gradient by transporting 2 K+ ions in and 3 Na+ ions out for every ATP molecule used.
- Secondary active transport is notable in intestinal cells, allowing glucose uptake against its gradient.
- Cell volume and membrane surface area are balanced through a proper equilibrium of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Key Considerations for Diffusion
- Factors affecting net diffusion include concentration gradient, membrane permeability, surface area, molecular weight, and temperature, as articulated in Fick's Law.
- Hydrostatic pressure is exerted by a stationary fluid on an object, pivotal in understanding filtration and pressure gradients in biological systems.
Specialized Structures and Homeostasis
- Aquaporins are specific channels facilitating water transport across cell membranes.
- Understanding osmolarity and tonicity is crucial when cells are placed in various solute solutions to predict osmotic flow and cell integrity.
Cell Theory and Membrane Dynamics
- Cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Types of membrane proteins include integral, peripheral, and transmembrane proteins, which facilitate various functions such as transport and signaling.
Tonicity and Solutions
- Tonicity of a solution is determined by the concentration of solutes relative to the intracellular fluid.
- Molarity refers to the concentration of a solute in a solution, while osmolarity considers all particles in solution, including ions.
- For NaCl at 400 mmol/L, the molarity remains 400 mmol/L while osmolarity doubles to 800 mOsmol/L due to dissociation into Na+ and Cl-.
- KCl at 300 mmol/L also has a molarity of 300 mmol/L and osmolarity of 600 mOsmol/L because it dissociates into K+ and Cl-.
Cellular Metabolism
- Stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (TCA), and oxidative phosphorylation; fermentation is not a stage.
- ATP produced from the electron transport chain (ETC) is approximately 34 ATP per glucose, while TCA directly produces 1 ATP per cycle.
- NADH is crucial for aerobic metabolism; a mutation halting its function greatly reduces ATP yield.
- Electrons from FADH2 drop off at complex II, while complex II does not pump H+ ions into the intermembrane space.
Cytoskeletal Elements and Cell Junctions
- Actin filaments are composed of intertwined helical chains of actin, playing vital roles in muscle contraction and cellular movement.
- Desmosomes function like "spot rivets" anchoring cells together, particularly in tissues experiencing mechanical stress.
Vesicular Transport
- Non-fusible vesicular transport systems include pinocytosis, which is the uptake of extracellular fluid.
- Exocytosis involves docking markers (v-SNARE and t-SNARE) ensuring fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents.
Transport Mechanisms
- Na+-K+ ATPase pump maintains the electrochemical gradient by transporting 2 K+ ions in and 3 Na+ ions out for every ATP molecule used.
- Secondary active transport is notable in intestinal cells, allowing glucose uptake against its gradient.
- Cell volume and membrane surface area are balanced through a proper equilibrium of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Key Considerations for Diffusion
- Factors affecting net diffusion include concentration gradient, membrane permeability, surface area, molecular weight, and temperature, as articulated in Fick's Law.
- Hydrostatic pressure is exerted by a stationary fluid on an object, pivotal in understanding filtration and pressure gradients in biological systems.
Specialized Structures and Homeostasis
- Aquaporins are specific channels facilitating water transport across cell membranes.
- Understanding osmolarity and tonicity is crucial when cells are placed in various solute solutions to predict osmotic flow and cell integrity.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in cell theory, tonicity, and cellular respiration with this practice exam for Biology Module 1. Each question is designed to challenge your knowledge and application of biological principles.
