Biology Module 1: Biological Macromolecules
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Questions and Answers

What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates?

  • C_n(H_2O)_{n+1}
  • C_n(H_2O)_n-1
  • C_n(H_2O)_n (correct)
  • C_n(H_2O)_{n-2}

Which of the following is a mono saccharide?

  • Cellulose
  • Starch
  • Sucrose
  • Glucose (correct)

What characteristic structure do carbohydrates typically have?

  • Ring-like formation
  • Hexagonal shape (correct)
  • Cylindrical structure
  • Linear chain

What is a key function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

<p>Provide energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of carbohydrates?

<p>Nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

<p>C6H12O6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is primarily used by plants for storage of glucose?

<p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cellulose play in the plant structure?

<p>Structural component (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do animals utilize starch?

<p>Break it down into glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a carbohydrate?

<p>Fatty acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?

<p>Energy storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribose, a carbohydrate, is best known as a component of which of the following?

<p>RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate cannot be broken down by most animals?

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a chemical formula represents the quantity of each type of atom in a molecule?

<p>Subscript number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the symbol 'O' in the chemical formula O2?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of receptor proteins?

<p>Send information to the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do antibodies bind to in the body?

<p>Foreign substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of proteins allow certain molecules to pass through cell membranes?

<p>Transport proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula for a simple carbohydrate typically includes which of the following elements?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chemical formulas utilize to communicate information about compounds?

<p>Symbols and numbers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of a subscript in a chemical formula indicates what?

<p>The number of atoms of that element (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Protein Function

Proteins perform various functions by binding to other molecules, like when enzymes bind to reactants to speed up reactions, antibodies bind to invaders, or transport proteins let specific molecules pass through cell membranes.

Receptor Protein

A protein found on cell membranes that binds to specific signal molecules, relaying information to the brain.

Olfactory Receptor Neuron

A type of cell responsible for our sense of smell, containing odor receptor proteins.

Odor Receptor Protein

A protein found in olfactory receptor neurons that binds to specific scent molecules, triggering a signal to the brain.

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Chemical Formula

A shorthand way to represent a chemical compound using symbols and numbers to show which elements are present and their relative amounts.

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Element Symbol

An abbreviation for a specific element, like 'O' for oxygen.

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Subscript in a Chemical Formula

The number written below an element symbol, indicating how many atoms of that element are present in a molecule.

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Parts of a Chemical Formula

A chemical formula has two parts: the symbols of the elements present and the subscripts showing the number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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What is chitin?

Chitin is a strong and tough polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules with an added amino group. It's found in the protective shells of insects and crustaceans.

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What are carbohydrates made of?

Carbohydrates are made up of long chains of simple sugar molecules called monosaccharides. These monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates?

The general chemical formula for carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)n, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms. This formula indicates a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms for each carbon atom.

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What is the shape of a glucose molecule?

A glucose molecule has a hexagonal shape, resembling a six-sided polygon. It's often described as a trapezoid due to its specific arrangement of atoms.

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What atoms make up a glucose molecule?

A glucose molecule is composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms. These elements are bonded together in a specific arrangement to form the molecule.

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Carbohydrate Formula

A representation of the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule. For example, Glucose has the formula C6H12O6, indicating 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.

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Glucose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is a primary energy source for cells. It has the chemical formula C6H12O6.

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Starch

A complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) made by plants to store excess glucose. Animals can break it down into glucose, making it a food source.

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Cellulose

A strong, structural polysaccharide made of glucose found in plants. Most animals can't digest it, but it's important for digestion as dietary fiber.

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Glycogen

A complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) used by animals and fungi to store excess glucose. It's an energy reserve that can be broken down into glucose when needed.

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Monosaccharide

A simple sugar molecule that cannot be broken down further. Examples include glucose, fructose, and ribose.

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Polysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate made up of multiple sugar molecules linked together. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

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Dietary Fiber

Indigestible plant material that helps regulate digestion. Cellulose is an example.

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Study Notes

Module 1 Guided Notes

  • The video provided goes over all concepts in Module 1.
  • Quick Links are available at the bottom of each section. These links are helpful for easy navigation.
  • Topics include Exploring Life, Chemistry of Life, Chemistry of Life (Honors), and Earth's Early Atmosphere.
  • The first page of the Biology Notebook introduces macromolecules.
  • Key organic macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
  • These molecules have common functions related to providing energy and the structure of living organisms.
  • Page 2 discusses biological macromolecules and defines a monomer.

Biological Macromolecules

  • A monomer is a molecule that can react with other molecules to form a larger polymer chain.
  • Polymers are made of monomers.
  • The four major macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • Each macromolecule has a different function in living organisms.

Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides are the smallest type of carbohydrate molecule. Examples include glucose, galactose, and fructose.
  • Disaccharides are formed by bonding two monosaccharides together. Examples include sucrose and lactose.
  • Polysaccharides are formed by bonding numerous monosaccharides together. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
  • Carbohydrates provide energy to cells.

Lipids

  • Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that are not characterized by repeating structural units (monomers).
  • Three main categories of lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
  • Lipids store energy in the body and provide insulation, protection, and cushion to organs
  • Triglycerides, composed of one glycerol molecule combined with three fatty acid molecules, are examples of lipids.

Proteins

  • Proteins are complex molecules made up of amino acid monomers.
  • Proteins can have diverse functions in organisms, including hormones, structural components, enzymes, and antibodies.
  • The specific order/arrangement of amino acids in a protein gives proteins their unique properties.

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
  • The two major types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
  • Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotide monomers.
  • Each nucleotide monomer is composed of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.
  • The order of the nucleotides in nucleic acids determines the genetic code.

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Biology 1 Module 1 Guided Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers the key concepts from Module 1 of Biology, focusing on biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Understand their structures, functions, and the role of monomers and polymers in living organisms. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge of life's chemistry and early atmospheric conditions.

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