Monomers and Polymers Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which level of structural organization involves groups of similar cells working together?

  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular Level
  • Organ Level
  • Tissue Level (correct)

Which organ system is responsible for controlling body responses?

  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Endocrine System
  • Nervous System (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a component of the homeostatic system?

  • Stimulus (correct)
  • Control Center
  • Effector
  • Receptor

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism?

<p>Body temperature regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

<p>Protection and temperature regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for filtering blood and removing waste?

<p>Urinary System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

<p>Structure dictates function, meaning the shape of a body part determines its role. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of anatomical position?

<p>Palms facing the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?

<p>Midsagittal Plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a directional term?

<p>Pericardial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

<p>Heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the serous membrane lines the cavity?

<p>Parietal Layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient complains of pain in their right lower quadrant. Which of the following organs could be causing this pain?

<p>Appendix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an anatomical position?

<p>Standing with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, head and eyes looking straight ahead. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of serous membranes?

<p>Reduce friction between moving organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the spinal cord located?

<p>Vertebral Cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a structure that is farther from the body's trunk?

<p>Distal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT found in the Axial Region?

<p>Upper Limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

<p>Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, while physiology is the study of the function of the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of negative feedback?

<p>The change is amplified. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a superficial structure?

<p>Skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which serous membrane surrounds the lungs?

<p>Pleura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a structure that is closer to the body's midline?

<p>Medial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop?

<p>Blood clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements forms the backbone of organic molecules?

<p>carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have how many valence electrons?

<p>1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elements in the furthest right column of the periodic table, excluding helium, have how many valence electrons?

<p>8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As guided by the octet rule, atoms achieve stability by gaining, losing, or sharing which subatomic particle?

<p>electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lipids?

<p>They include DNA and RNA. (A), They are composed of amino acids linked together. (C), They are polymers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a molecule that has both a hydrophilic (water-attracting) and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) end?

<p>Amphipathic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substance will neutralize a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

<p>A base (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must neutralize the stomach acid that enters the small intestine, and how does it affect the pH?

<p>A base; pH will increase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Table sugar completely dissolved in water is an example of which type of mixture?

<p>Solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

<p>C6H12O6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of both organic and inorganic compounds?

<p>They can form bonds with other elements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a solution?

<p>The components can be separated by filtration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule has a polar end and a nonpolar end?

<p>Amphipathic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a covalent bond?

<p>Atoms share electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a macromolecule?

<p>Protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule is responsible for carrying genetic information?

<p>Nucleic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a homeostatic system is responsible for detecting changes?

<p>Receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of negative feedback in homeostasis?

<p>Maintains homeostasis by reversing changes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane of the body divides it into equal left and right halves?

<p>Midsagittal Plane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of feedback mechanism would be involved in the process of childbirth?

<p>Positive Feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which abdominal quadrant contains the stomach and spleen?

<p>Left Upper Quadrant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major body cavities?

<p>Lateral Cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What buffer system is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pH?

<p>Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which directional term refers to a position above another structure?

<p>Superior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for restoring balance in a homeostatic system?

<p>Effector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances does NOT contain carbon-hydrogen bonds?

<p>NaOH (sodium hydroxide) (B), O₂ (oxygen gas) (C), HCl (hydrochloric acid) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cations and anions represent?

<p>Cations have lost electrons; anions have gained electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these accurately describes the Octet Rule?

<p>Atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of polar covalent bonds?

<p>They involve the unequal sharing of electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pH value indicates a neutral solution?

<p>pH = 7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a base do when added to an acidic solution?

<p>Neutralizes the acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of proteins in biological systems?

<p>Facilitating chemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is categorized as a biological macromolecule?

<p>C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links nucleotides in DNA?

<p>Phosphodiester bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of water due to hydrogen bonding?

<p>High boiling point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes negative feedback in biological systems?

<p>Reverses a change to maintain stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to transport substances efficiently in the body?

<p>Adhesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of buffers in biological systems?

<p>They act to maintain a constant pH. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of structure and relationships between body parts.

Physiology

The study of function of body structures and how they work together.

Structure dictates function

The shape and organization of body parts determine how they work.

Levels of Structural Organization

Hierarchy from chemical to organismal level detailing complexity.

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Integumentary System

Protects the body and regulates temperature (e.g., skin, hair).

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Negative Feedback

Mechanism that opposes a change, restoring balance (e.g., temperature regulation).

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Positive Feedback

Mechanism that amplifies a change, pushing the body to completion (e.g., childbirth).

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Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes.

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Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

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Coronal Plane

Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

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Midsagittal Plane

Divides body into equal left and right halves.

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Superior

Refers to a position above or higher than another structure.

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Inferior

Refers to a position below or lower than another structure.

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Ventral (Anterior)

Refers to the front side of the body.

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Dorsal (Posterior)

Refers to the back side of the human body.

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Proximal

Closer to the body's trunk or point of attachment.

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Distal

Farther from the body's trunk or point of attachment.

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Axial Region

Includes the head, neck, and trunk of the body.

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Appendicular Region

Comprises the upper and lower limbs.

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Dorsal Cavity

The cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord.

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Ventral Cavity

The cavity containing lungs, heart, and abdominal organs.

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Serous Membranes

Thin double-layered membranes that cover organs and cavities.

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Visceral Pericardium

The inner layer of the pericardium directly covering the heart's surface.

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Subatomic Particles

Protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-) make up atoms.

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Common Elements in Human Body

The four most common elements are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N).

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Valence Electrons in Group 1

Group 1 elements (alkali metals) have 1 valence electron.

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Valence Electrons in Group 18

Group 18 elements (noble gases) have 8 valence electrons (except helium, which has 2).

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Octet Rule

Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of 8 electrons.

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Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating charged ions.

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Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

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Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds that form between polar molecules due to charge differences.

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Cations

Cations are positively charged ions that have lost electrons (e.g., Na⁺).

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Anions

Anions are negatively charged ions that have gained electrons (e.g., Cl⁻).

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pH Scale

The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution, ranging from acidic (<7) to basic (>7).

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Properties of Water

Water has unique properties: cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and evaporative cooling.

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Biological Macromolecules

Four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids serve essential functions in living organisms.

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Phosphodiester Bonds

Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides in DNA and RNA, forming the backbone of genetic material.

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Carbon

Carbon is the foundation of organic compounds like proteins and nucleic acids.

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Noble Gases

Group 18 elements have a full valence shell, providing chemical stability.

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Lipids

Lipids are a major component of cell membranes and include phospholipids.

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Amphipathic Molecules

Molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, like phospholipids.

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Neutralization

Neutralization occurs when an acid is mixed with a base, increasing pH.

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Stomach Acid Neutralization

Stomach acid (HCl) is neutralized in the small intestine by bicarbonate from the pancreas.

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Solution

A homogeneous mixture where a solute, like sugar, is completely dissolved in a solvent, like water.

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Organic Molecule

An organic molecule contains carbon bonded to hydrogen, like glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).

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Polar and Nonpolar

Polar molecules have a hydrophilic end and a nonpolar end, typical of phospholipids.

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Reactivity of Elements

Elements in the far left column (Group 1) have high reactivity due to one valence electron.

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Chemical Bonds

Atoms become stable via bonding by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.

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Acidic Solution

A solution with a high concentration of H⁺ ions, often due to strong acids like HCl.

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Components of Homeostasis

Receptor, Control Center, Effector are the three components detecting and restoring balance.

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Body Planes

The three main planes are Transverse, Coronal, and Midsagittal, dividing the body differently.

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Directional Terms

Terms like dorsal, ventral, superior, and inferior describe body positioning.

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Major Body Cavities

Dorsal (brain & spinal cord) and Ventral (thoracic & abdominopelvic) cavities in the body.

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Four quadrants: RUQ (liver), LUQ (stomach), RLQ (appendix), LLQ (left ovary).

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Monomer

A small unit that can bond with others to form polymers, like amino acids for proteins.

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Polymer

A large molecule made of repeating monomers, crucial for biological functions.

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Study Notes

Monomers and Polymers

  • Monomer: A small, basic molecular unit capable of bonding with similar units through covalent bonds to form a larger molecule called a polymer
  • Polymer: A large molecule comprised of repeating smaller monomer units linked together by covalent bonds.
  • Dehydration Synthesis: The process where monomers bond together by removing a water molecule.
  • Hydrolysis: The process where polymers are broken down by adding a water molecule to break the bonds between monomers.
  • Biological Macromolecules: Large molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Examples of Monomers and Polymers

Monomer Polymer Example & Function
Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) Carbohydrates Energy storage (e.g., glycogen, starch)
Amino acids Proteins Enzymes, structural support, muscle function
Nucleotides Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) Store & transfer genetic information
Fatty acids & Glycerol Lipids (e.g., triglycerides, phospholipids) Energy storage, cell membranes

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