Biology: Microscopes and Bacteria
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of Plasmodium in plasmodial slime molds?

  • Developmental stage
  • Dormant stage
  • Feeding stage (correct)
  • Reproductive stage

    • Which carbohydrate is found in true fungi that is also present in insects?

  • Glucose
  • Chitin (correct)
  • Cellulose
  • Starch

    • Which type of fungi includes shelf fungus?

  • Yeast
  • Mold fungi
  • Sac fungi
  • Club fungi (correct)

    • Which describes a symbiotic relationship involving bacteria and plants?

    <p>Nitrogen-fixing bacteria assist plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the thin filaments that compose fungi called?

    <p>Hyphae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is used to determine bacterial cell wall composition?

    <p>Gram staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by a Fungus?

    <p>Thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of zooflagellates?

    <p>Use flagella to move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protist is classified as an animal-like protist?

    <p>Sarcodinians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'rhodo' refer to in biological terms?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason fungus-like protists are not considered true fungi?

    <p>Their cell walls do not contain chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pigment allows red algae to thrive at greater depths?

    <p>Phycoerythrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a red tide phenomenon?

    <p>Blooms of dinoflagellates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is known to thrive in extreme acidic and high-temperature environments?

    <p>Thermoacidophilic Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

    <p>Bacteria that are immune to antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method by which bacteria reproduce asexually?

    <p>Binary Fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a method for classifying bacteria?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?

    <p>Viruses don't reproduce like bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a coccus from other bacterial shapes?

    <p>It is circular or round-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by bacteria?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feeding stage of plasmodial slime molds called?

    <p>Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of unicellular fungi?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which category do mushrooms fall?

    <p>Club fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes symbiosis?

    <p>A relationship in which both partners benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of true fungi?

    <p>Contains chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fungi includes 'puff balls'?

    <p>Sac fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship exemplifies mutualism involving protists and insects?

    <p>Bacteria in protists helping termites digest wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when algae and fungi have a symbiotic relationship?

    <p>Lichen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is characterized by its geometric shape?

    <p>Diatom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate found in true fungi is also present in the exoskeletons of insects?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Eubacteria from Archaebacteria?

    <p>Eubacteria are typically found in normal environments, while Archaebacteria thrive in harsh environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of bacterial reproduction involves the division of one cell into two identical cells?

    <p>Binary Fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to circular or round-shaped bacteria?

    <p>Coccus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemosynthesizers in their environment?

    <p>They convert inorganic compounds into energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

    <p>They can survive exposure to antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?

    <p>Overuse and misuse of antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial shape is described as rod-shaped?

    <p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria is known to live in extremely salty environments?

    <p>Extreme Halophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of focus is primarily used at the highest power of a microscope?

    <p>Fine Adjustment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Gram Positive bacteria?

    <p>They have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protist is characterized by movement via pseudopods?

    <p>Sarcodinians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes euglena from other protists?

    <p>It can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are phytoplankton primarily known for?

    <p>Carrying out photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoan is known for not moving and forming spores?

    <p>Sporozoans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?

    <p>Anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of algae is kelp classified as?

    <p>Brown algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are fungus-like protists categorized separately from true fungi?

    <p>They lack chitin in their cell walls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is an example of a colonial green algae?

    <p>Volvox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of animal-like protists?

    <p>They are heterotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microscopes

    • The coarse adjustment knob is used for initial focus.
    • The fine adjustment knob is used for precise focusing, especially on high power.
    • The objectives are the lenses that magnify the specimen.
    • The eyepiece is where you look through to view the magnified specimen.
    • The stage is where the microscope slide is placed.

    Prokaryotes

    • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • They were originally classified under the Kingdom Monera, and are sometimes still referred to as Monarans.
    • Bacteria are classified into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
    • Bacteria are prokaryotes.

    Bacteria

    • Thermoacidophilic bacteria thrive in environments with high temperatures and acidity.
    • Extreme halophiles prefer habitats with salinity levels 10 times higher than seawater.
    • Chemosynthesizers convert inorganic compounds like H2S and NH3 into energy.

    Classifying Bacteria

    • Bacteria can be classified by their shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum), motility (flagella, cilia, non-motile), metabolism (aerobic, anaerobic), respiration (chemoautotrophic, photoautotrophic), cell wall composition (Gram-positive, Gram-negative), and colony appearance.

    Bacterial Diseases

    • Bacteria cause a variety of diseases, including tetanus, tuberculosis, botulism, strep throat, staph infections, meningitis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, anthrax, MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), pneumonia, and bubonic plague.

    Treating Bacterial vs. Viral Infections

    • Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, while vaccines prevent viral infections.

    Bacterial Cell Wall Composition

    • Gram staining is a method used to determine the composition of bacterial cell walls.
    • Gram-positive bacteria have an additional layer of lipids in their cell membranes.

    Bacterial Reproduction

    • Bacteria reproduce through binary fission (asexual), in which a single cell splits into two identical cells.
    • Sexual reproduction in bacteria occurs through conjugation, where genetic material is exchanged between two cells.
    • Transduction involves a virus transporting bacterial DNA from one cell to another.
    • Transformation occurs when living bacteria take up DNA from dead bacteria.

    Protists

    • Protists are classified into three categories: animal-like, plant-like, and fungi-like.

    Animal-like Protists

    • Also known as protozoans, are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food).
    • Protozoans are further classified by their mode of movement:
      • Sarcodinians use pseudopods (false feet) for movement, like amoeba.
      • Zooflagellates move using flagella, like Triconympha.
      • Ciliaphorans are covered in hair-like projections called cilia, like paramecium.
      • Sporozoans are non-motile and parasitic, forming spores, like Plasmodium.

    Plant-like Protists

    • Plant-like protists are autotrophs (can make their own food) and include:
      • Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are able to live in deep waters because their pigments allow them to harvest light.
      • Brown algae, like kelp, are large and multicellular.
      • Green algae, like Spirogyra (colonial) and Volvox, Chlamydomonas & Ulua (unicellular), contain chlorophyll and resemble land plants.
      • Euglena are unique in possessing two flagella, lacking a cell wall, and exhibiting both autotrophic and heterotrophic capabilities.

    Red Tide

    • Red tides are caused by blooms of dinoflagellates (a type of phytoplankton), which produce toxins that can harm marine life.

    Phytoplankton

    • Phytoplankton are plankton that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

    Fungi-like Protists

    • Fungi-like protists are not true fungi because they lack chitin in their cell walls. They include:
      • Plasmodial slime molds have a feeding stage known as the plasmodium.
      • Slime molds are mobile and decompose organic matter.
      • Water molds are responsible for causing diseases in plants, such as the Irish Potato Famine.

    True Fungi

    • Fungi belong to the Kingdom Fungi and are eukaryotes, meaning they have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
    • True fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
    • Examples of true fungi include:
      • Yeast (unicellular)
      • Shelf fungus (club fungi)
      • Puff balls (sac fungi)

    Fungi Structure

    • Fungi are made up of thin filaments called hyphae.
    • Mushrooms are a type of club fungi.

    Symbiosis

    • Symbiosis is a relationship in which both partners benefit.
    • Examples of symbiotic relationships involving bacteria:
      • Bacteria in our intestines help break down food.
      • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil help plants obtain nitrogen.
    • A symbiotic relationship between protists and insects involves the bacteria within the protists that help termites digest wood.
    • Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi.

    Microscopes

    • The coarse adjustment knob is used for initial focus.
    • The fine adjustment knob is used for precise focusing, especially on high power.
    • The objectives are the lenses that magnify the specimen on the stage.
    • The eyepiece is where you look through to see the magnified specimen.

    Prokaryotes

    • Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
    • Bacteria are prokaryotes.

    Bacteria

    • Classified into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
    • Some bacteria live in harsh environments like extreme temperatures and salinity.

    Thermoacidophilic Bacteria

    • Thrive in high temperatures and acidic environments.

    Extreme Halophiles

    • Prefer environments with salt concentrations 10 times higher than seawater.

    Chemosynthesizers

    • Bacteria convert inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia into energy.

    Bacteria Classification

    • Can be classified based on shape, motility, metabolism, respiration, cell wall composition, and colony appearance.

    Bacterial Diseases

    • Some common bacterial diseases include tetanus, tuberculosis, botulism, strep throat, staph infections, meningitis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, anthrax, MRSA, pneumonia, and bubonic plague.

    Treatment of Bacterial and Viral Infections

    • Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections.
    • Vaccines are used to prevent viral infections.

    Bacterial Shapes

    • Coccus: Circular or round-shaped bacteria.
    • Bacillus: Rod-shaped bacteria.
    • Spirillum: Spiral-shaped bacteria.

    Antibiotic Resistance

    • Occurs when bacteria evolve to become immune to antibiotics.

    Causes of Antibiotic Resistance

    • Overuse and misuse of antibiotics contribute to antibiotic resistance.

    Bacterial Reproduction

    • Asexual Reproduction (Binary Fission): One cell divides into two identical cells.
    • Sexual Reproduction (Conjugation): Exchange of genetic material between two bacterial cells.
    • Transduction: A virus carries bacterial DNA from one cell to another.
    • Transformation: Living bacteria absorb DNA from dead bacteria.

    Bacterial Cell Wall Composition

    • Determined by Gram staining.

    Gram-Positive Bacteria

    • Have an extra layer of lipids in their cell membranes.

    Protists

    • Divided into three categories: animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like.

    Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)

    • Heterotrophs.
    • Classified based on their mode of movement.

    Protozoan Movement

    • Sarcodinians: Move using pseudopods (false feet), e.g., Amoeba.
    • Zooflagellates: Use flagella for movement, e.g., Triconympha.
    • Ciliaphorans: Covered in hair-like cilia for movement, e.g., Paramecium.
    • Sporozoans: Non-motile spore-forming parasites, e.g., Plasmodium.

    Plant-like Protists

    • Include red, brown, and green algae.

    Red Algae

    • Contain pigments that allow them to thrive in deep water.

    Colonial Green Algae

    • Spirogyra is a notable example of a colonial green algae.

    Brown Algae

    • Kelp is an example of brown algae.

    Euglena

    • Possess two flagella, lack a cell wall, and can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic.

    Unicellular Algae

    • Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and Ulua are examples of unicellular algae.

    Red Tide

    • A phenomenon caused by blooms of dinoflagellates, which release toxins and turn the water red.

    Phytoplankton

    • Plankton that carry out photosynthesis.

    Fungus-like Protists

    • Include Plasmodial slime molds, slime molds, and water molds.

    Fungi-like Protists Classification

    • Not true fungi because they lack chitin in their cell walls.

    Plasmodial Slime Molds

    • The feeding stage is known as the plasmodium.

    Water Molds

    • Responsible for the Irish Potato Famine.

    True Fungi

    • Belong to the Kingdom Fungi.
    • Contain chitin in their cell walls.

    Unicellular Fungi

    • Yeast is an example of a unicellular fungus.

    Club Fungi

    • Shelf fungus is an example of a club fungus.

    Fungi Reproduction

    • Fungi reproduce through spores.

    Fungi and Symbiosis

    • Fungi often engage in symbiotic relationships.

    Symbiosis

    • A relationship where both partners benefit.

    Symbiotic Relationships Involving Bacteria

    • Bacteria in our intestines help digest food.
    • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help plants obtain nitrogen.

    Symbiotic Relationships Involving Protists

    • Protozoa in termite intestines help break down wood.

    Symbiotic Relationships Involving Algae and Fungi

    • Algae and fungi form lichens.

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    Bacteria, Protist, & Fungi Test Review Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of microscopes and the classification of prokaryotes. This quiz covers the parts of a microscope, characteristics of bacteria, and how types of bacteria are classified. Perfect for biology students seeking to understand these essential topics.

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