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Questions and Answers
What is the function of Plasmodium in plasmodial slime molds?
What is the function of Plasmodium in plasmodial slime molds?
Which carbohydrate is found in true fungi that is also present in insects?
Which carbohydrate is found in true fungi that is also present in insects?
Which type of fungi includes shelf fungus?
Which type of fungi includes shelf fungus?
Which describes a symbiotic relationship involving bacteria and plants?
Which describes a symbiotic relationship involving bacteria and plants?
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What are the thin filaments that compose fungi called?
What are the thin filaments that compose fungi called?
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What process is used to determine bacterial cell wall composition?
What process is used to determine bacterial cell wall composition?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a Fungus?
Which of the following diseases is caused by a Fungus?
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What is a characteristic of zooflagellates?
What is a characteristic of zooflagellates?
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Which type of protist is classified as an animal-like protist?
Which type of protist is classified as an animal-like protist?
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What does the prefix 'rhodo' refer to in biological terms?
What does the prefix 'rhodo' refer to in biological terms?
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What is the main reason fungus-like protists are not considered true fungi?
What is the main reason fungus-like protists are not considered true fungi?
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What pigment allows red algae to thrive at greater depths?
What pigment allows red algae to thrive at greater depths?
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What causes a red tide phenomenon?
What causes a red tide phenomenon?
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What characteristic distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
What characteristic distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
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Which type of bacteria is known to thrive in extreme acidic and high-temperature environments?
Which type of bacteria is known to thrive in extreme acidic and high-temperature environments?
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What defines antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
What defines antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
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Which of the following is a method by which bacteria reproduce asexually?
Which of the following is a method by which bacteria reproduce asexually?
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What is NOT a method for classifying bacteria?
What is NOT a method for classifying bacteria?
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Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
Why are antibiotics ineffective against viral infections?
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What distinguishes a coccus from other bacterial shapes?
What distinguishes a coccus from other bacterial shapes?
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Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by bacteria?
Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by bacteria?
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What is the feeding stage of plasmodial slime molds called?
What is the feeding stage of plasmodial slime molds called?
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Which of the following is an example of unicellular fungi?
Which of the following is an example of unicellular fungi?
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In which category do mushrooms fall?
In which category do mushrooms fall?
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Which of the following describes symbiosis?
Which of the following describes symbiosis?
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What is a significant characteristic of true fungi?
What is a significant characteristic of true fungi?
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What type of fungi includes 'puff balls'?
What type of fungi includes 'puff balls'?
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What relationship exemplifies mutualism involving protists and insects?
What relationship exemplifies mutualism involving protists and insects?
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What is formed when algae and fungi have a symbiotic relationship?
What is formed when algae and fungi have a symbiotic relationship?
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Which of the following organisms is characterized by its geometric shape?
Which of the following organisms is characterized by its geometric shape?
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Which carbohydrate found in true fungi is also present in the exoskeletons of insects?
Which carbohydrate found in true fungi is also present in the exoskeletons of insects?
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What distinguishes Eubacteria from Archaebacteria?
What distinguishes Eubacteria from Archaebacteria?
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Which method of bacterial reproduction involves the division of one cell into two identical cells?
Which method of bacterial reproduction involves the division of one cell into two identical cells?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
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Which term refers to circular or round-shaped bacteria?
Which term refers to circular or round-shaped bacteria?
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What is the role of chemosynthesizers in their environment?
What is the role of chemosynthesizers in their environment?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
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What is a key factor in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?
What is a key factor in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?
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Which bacterial shape is described as rod-shaped?
Which bacterial shape is described as rod-shaped?
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Which type of bacteria is known to live in extremely salty environments?
Which type of bacteria is known to live in extremely salty environments?
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What type of focus is primarily used at the highest power of a microscope?
What type of focus is primarily used at the highest power of a microscope?
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What is a characteristic feature of Gram Positive bacteria?
What is a characteristic feature of Gram Positive bacteria?
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Which type of protist is characterized by movement via pseudopods?
Which type of protist is characterized by movement via pseudopods?
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What distinguishes euglena from other protists?
What distinguishes euglena from other protists?
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What are phytoplankton primarily known for?
What are phytoplankton primarily known for?
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Which protozoan is known for not moving and forming spores?
Which protozoan is known for not moving and forming spores?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
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What type of algae is kelp classified as?
What type of algae is kelp classified as?
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Why are fungus-like protists categorized separately from true fungi?
Why are fungus-like protists categorized separately from true fungi?
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Which organism is an example of a colonial green algae?
Which organism is an example of a colonial green algae?
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What is the primary characteristic of animal-like protists?
What is the primary characteristic of animal-like protists?
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Study Notes
Microscopes
- The coarse adjustment knob is used for initial focus.
- The fine adjustment knob is used for precise focusing, especially on high power.
- The objectives are the lenses that magnify the specimen.
- The eyepiece is where you look through to view the magnified specimen.
- The stage is where the microscope slide is placed.
Prokaryotes
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- They were originally classified under the Kingdom Monera, and are sometimes still referred to as Monarans.
- Bacteria are classified into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
- Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Bacteria
- Thermoacidophilic bacteria thrive in environments with high temperatures and acidity.
- Extreme halophiles prefer habitats with salinity levels 10 times higher than seawater.
- Chemosynthesizers convert inorganic compounds like H2S and NH3 into energy.
Classifying Bacteria
- Bacteria can be classified by their shape (coccus, bacillus, spirillum), motility (flagella, cilia, non-motile), metabolism (aerobic, anaerobic), respiration (chemoautotrophic, photoautotrophic), cell wall composition (Gram-positive, Gram-negative), and colony appearance.
Bacterial Diseases
- Bacteria cause a variety of diseases, including tetanus, tuberculosis, botulism, strep throat, staph infections, meningitis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, anthrax, MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), pneumonia, and bubonic plague.
Treating Bacterial vs. Viral Infections
- Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, while vaccines prevent viral infections.
Bacterial Cell Wall Composition
- Gram staining is a method used to determine the composition of bacterial cell walls.
- Gram-positive bacteria have an additional layer of lipids in their cell membranes.
Bacterial Reproduction
- Bacteria reproduce through binary fission (asexual), in which a single cell splits into two identical cells.
- Sexual reproduction in bacteria occurs through conjugation, where genetic material is exchanged between two cells.
- Transduction involves a virus transporting bacterial DNA from one cell to another.
- Transformation occurs when living bacteria take up DNA from dead bacteria.
Protists
- Protists are classified into three categories: animal-like, plant-like, and fungi-like.
Animal-like Protists
- Also known as protozoans, are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food).
- Protozoans are further classified by their mode of movement:
- Sarcodinians use pseudopods (false feet) for movement, like amoeba.
- Zooflagellates move using flagella, like Triconympha.
- Ciliaphorans are covered in hair-like projections called cilia, like paramecium.
- Sporozoans are non-motile and parasitic, forming spores, like Plasmodium.
Plant-like Protists
- Plant-like protists are autotrophs (can make their own food) and include:
- Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are able to live in deep waters because their pigments allow them to harvest light.
- Brown algae, like kelp, are large and multicellular.
- Green algae, like Spirogyra (colonial) and Volvox, Chlamydomonas & Ulua (unicellular), contain chlorophyll and resemble land plants.
- Euglena are unique in possessing two flagella, lacking a cell wall, and exhibiting both autotrophic and heterotrophic capabilities.
Red Tide
- Red tides are caused by blooms of dinoflagellates (a type of phytoplankton), which produce toxins that can harm marine life.
Phytoplankton
- Phytoplankton are plankton that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Fungi-like Protists
- Fungi-like protists are not true fungi because they lack chitin in their cell walls. They include:
- Plasmodial slime molds have a feeding stage known as the plasmodium.
- Slime molds are mobile and decompose organic matter.
- Water molds are responsible for causing diseases in plants, such as the Irish Potato Famine.
True Fungi
- Fungi belong to the Kingdom Fungi and are eukaryotes, meaning they have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- True fungi have chitin in their cell walls.
- Examples of true fungi include:
- Yeast (unicellular)
- Shelf fungus (club fungi)
- Puff balls (sac fungi)
Fungi Structure
- Fungi are made up of thin filaments called hyphae.
- Mushrooms are a type of club fungi.
Symbiosis
- Symbiosis is a relationship in which both partners benefit.
- Examples of symbiotic relationships involving bacteria:
- Bacteria in our intestines help break down food.
- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil help plants obtain nitrogen.
- A symbiotic relationship between protists and insects involves the bacteria within the protists that help termites digest wood.
- Lichen is a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi.
Microscopes
- The coarse adjustment knob is used for initial focus.
- The fine adjustment knob is used for precise focusing, especially on high power.
- The objectives are the lenses that magnify the specimen on the stage.
- The eyepiece is where you look through to see the magnified specimen.
Prokaryotes
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Bacteria are prokaryotes.
Bacteria
- Classified into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
- Some bacteria live in harsh environments like extreme temperatures and salinity.
Thermoacidophilic Bacteria
- Thrive in high temperatures and acidic environments.
Extreme Halophiles
- Prefer environments with salt concentrations 10 times higher than seawater.
Chemosynthesizers
- Bacteria convert inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia into energy.
Bacteria Classification
- Can be classified based on shape, motility, metabolism, respiration, cell wall composition, and colony appearance.
Bacterial Diseases
- Some common bacterial diseases include tetanus, tuberculosis, botulism, strep throat, staph infections, meningitis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, anthrax, MRSA, pneumonia, and bubonic plague.
Treatment of Bacterial and Viral Infections
- Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections.
- Vaccines are used to prevent viral infections.
Bacterial Shapes
- Coccus: Circular or round-shaped bacteria.
- Bacillus: Rod-shaped bacteria.
- Spirillum: Spiral-shaped bacteria.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Occurs when bacteria evolve to become immune to antibiotics.
Causes of Antibiotic Resistance
- Overuse and misuse of antibiotics contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Bacterial Reproduction
- Asexual Reproduction (Binary Fission): One cell divides into two identical cells.
- Sexual Reproduction (Conjugation): Exchange of genetic material between two bacterial cells.
- Transduction: A virus carries bacterial DNA from one cell to another.
- Transformation: Living bacteria absorb DNA from dead bacteria.
Bacterial Cell Wall Composition
- Determined by Gram staining.
Gram-Positive Bacteria
- Have an extra layer of lipids in their cell membranes.
Protists
- Divided into three categories: animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like.
Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)
- Heterotrophs.
- Classified based on their mode of movement.
Protozoan Movement
- Sarcodinians: Move using pseudopods (false feet), e.g., Amoeba.
- Zooflagellates: Use flagella for movement, e.g., Triconympha.
- Ciliaphorans: Covered in hair-like cilia for movement, e.g., Paramecium.
- Sporozoans: Non-motile spore-forming parasites, e.g., Plasmodium.
Plant-like Protists
- Include red, brown, and green algae.
Red Algae
- Contain pigments that allow them to thrive in deep water.
Colonial Green Algae
- Spirogyra is a notable example of a colonial green algae.
Brown Algae
- Kelp is an example of brown algae.
Euglena
- Possess two flagella, lack a cell wall, and can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Unicellular Algae
- Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and Ulua are examples of unicellular algae.
Red Tide
- A phenomenon caused by blooms of dinoflagellates, which release toxins and turn the water red.
Phytoplankton
- Plankton that carry out photosynthesis.
Fungus-like Protists
- Include Plasmodial slime molds, slime molds, and water molds.
Fungi-like Protists Classification
- Not true fungi because they lack chitin in their cell walls.
Plasmodial Slime Molds
- The feeding stage is known as the plasmodium.
Water Molds
- Responsible for the Irish Potato Famine.
True Fungi
- Belong to the Kingdom Fungi.
- Contain chitin in their cell walls.
Unicellular Fungi
- Yeast is an example of a unicellular fungus.
Club Fungi
- Shelf fungus is an example of a club fungus.
Fungi Reproduction
- Fungi reproduce through spores.
Fungi and Symbiosis
- Fungi often engage in symbiotic relationships.
Symbiosis
- A relationship where both partners benefit.
Symbiotic Relationships Involving Bacteria
- Bacteria in our intestines help digest food.
- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help plants obtain nitrogen.
Symbiotic Relationships Involving Protists
- Protozoa in termite intestines help break down wood.
Symbiotic Relationships Involving Algae and Fungi
- Algae and fungi form lichens.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of microscopes and the classification of prokaryotes. This quiz covers the parts of a microscope, characteristics of bacteria, and how types of bacteria are classified. Perfect for biology students seeking to understand these essential topics.
