Biology - Meiosis Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Define Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell

Why is meiosis referred to as reduction division?

Meiosis is often called reduction division because the genetic material is reduced - by half.

What happens at the G1 phase checkpoint?

A series of safeguards ensures the DNA is intact and that the cell is functioning normally.

What happens at the G2 phase checkpoint?

<p>Division can be delayed if DNA has not been properly replicated or is damaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Meiosis I consist of?

<p>Separating the pairs of homologous chromosomes into two cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Meiosis II?

<p>The outcome is four genetically unique haploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is meiosis associated with sexual or asexual reproduction?

<p>Meiosis is associated with sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Diploid.

<p>An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Haploid.

<p>Haploid cells have one complete set of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diploid (2n)?

<p>Cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by two homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is haploid (n)?

<p>Cellular condition where each chromosome type is represented by only one chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a homologous chromosome?

<p>Chromosome of the same size and shape which carry the same type of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromatid?

<p>One of two duplicated chromosomes connected at the centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the centromere?

<p>Region of chromosome where microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Interphase?

<p>It is the resting or non-mitotic portion of the cell cycle, comprised of G1, S, and G2 stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Prophase?

<p>The chromosomes condense and become visible, centrioles form, and the nuclear membrane dissolves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Metaphase I?

<p>Microtubules attach to centromeres and tetrads line up along the cell equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Metaphase II?

<p>Microtubules attach to centromeres and sister chromatids line up along the cell equator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase I?

<p>The centromeres break and homologous chromosomes separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Anaphase II?

<p>The centromeres break and sister chromatids separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Telophase II?

<p>Chromosomes may decondense, and cytokinesis reaches completion creating four haploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Telophase I?

<p>Chromosomes may decondense, and cytokinesis completes creating two haploid daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during Prophase II?

<p>Centrioles form and move toward the poles, and the nuclear membrane dissolves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of sexual reproduction?

<p>Offspring inherit new combinations of alleles which lead to variations in traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a germ cell?

<p>Any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is binary fission?

<p>A form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is mitosis called equational division?

<p>Because the number of chromosomes remains the same in parent and daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the kinetochore?

<p>The protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a homologue?

<p>One member of a homologous pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

<p>In the seminiferous tubules of testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gametogenesis?

<p>Males - Spermatogenesis &amp; Females - Oogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oogonium?

<p>The mother egg cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Meiosis

Process that produces four genetically unique haploid cells from a diploid parent cell.

Reduction division

Refers to the halving of chromosome numbers during meiosis from 2n (diploid) to n (haploid).

Meiosis I

Phase of meiosis that separates homologous chromosomes into two haploid cells.

Meiosis II

Phase of meiosis that separates sister chromatids, similar to mitosis, and results in four haploid cells.

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G1 Phase Checkpoint

Checkpoint that ensures DNA integrity and normal cell function before division.

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G2 Phase Checkpoint

Checkpoint that delays division if DNA replication is incomplete or damaged.

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Interphase

Resting phase of the cell cycle comprising G1, S (DNA replication), and G2 stages.

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Diploid (2n)

Organisms with two sets of chromosomes.

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Haploid (n)

Cells with a single set of chromosomes, such as sperm and egg.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in shape and carry the same types of genes.

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Chromatids

Duplicated chromosomes connected at their centromeres.

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Centromere

Region of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

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Prophase I

Phase of meiosis where chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair (forming tetrads), and exchange genetic material (crossing over).

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Metaphase I

Phase of meiosis where tetrads align at the cell equator.

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Anaphase I

Phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate, and cytokinesis (cell division) begins.

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Telophase I

Phase of meiosis where two haploid daughter cells are formed.

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Prophase II

Preparation for the second division of meiosis. Centrioles move to poles, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates.

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Metaphase II

Phase of meiosis where sister chromatids align at the equator.

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Anaphase II

Phase of meiosis where sister chromatids finally separate, leading to cytokinesis (cell division).

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Telophase II

Final phase of meiosis where division completes, resulting in four haploid cells.

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Spermatogenesis

Process of sperm formation in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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Oogenesis

Process of egg cell (oocyte) formation.

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Germ Cells

Cells that develop into gametes.

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Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction process in prokaryotes that results in two identical daughter cells.

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Genetic Variation

Offspring inherit new combinations of alleles, increasing genetic diversity.

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Kinetochore

Protein structure on chromatids where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

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Homologue

One of the two homologous chromosomes in a pair.

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Importance of Sexual Reproduction

Combination of alleles from two parents creates new genotype and phenotype variations.

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Study Notes

Meiosis Overview

  • Meiosis is a cell division process that produces four genetically unique haploid cells from one diploid parent cell.
  • Referred to as reduction division due to halving of chromosome number (2n to n).

Stages of Meiosis

  • Meiosis I: Separates homologous chromosomes into two haploid cells.
  • Meiosis II: Similar to mitosis, it separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells.

Key Phases and Checkpoints

  • G1 Phase Checkpoint: Ensures DNA integrity and normal cell function before division.
  • G2 Phase Checkpoint: Delays division if DNA replication is incomplete or damaged.
  • Interphase: Resting phase comprising G1, S (DNA replication), and G2 stages.

Key Terms in Cell Division

  • Diploid (2n): Organisms with two sets of chromosomes.
  • Haploid (n): Cells with a single set of chromosomes, such as sperm and egg.
  • Homologous Chromosomes: Pairs of chromosomes that are similar in shape and contain the same types of genes.
  • Chromatids: Duplicated chromosomes connected at their centromeres.
  • Centromere: The chromosome region where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

Meiosis Processes

  • Prophase I: Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up (forming tetrads), and exchange genetic material (crossing over occurs).
  • Metaphase I: Tetrads align at the cell equator.
  • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate, cytokinesis begins.
  • Telophase I: Two haploid daughter cells are formed.
  • Prophase II: Preparation for second division; centrioles move to poles, and the nuclear membrane dissolves.
  • Metaphase II: Sister chromatids align at the equator.
  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids finally separate, leading to cytokinesis.
  • Telophase II: Completion of the division process, resulting in four haploid cells.

Cytogenetics and Gamete Formation

  • Spermatogenesis: Formation of sperm in seminiferous tubules of testes.
  • Oogenesis: Formation of egg cells (oocytes).
  • Germ Cells: Cells that develop into gametes.

Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

  • Binary Fission: A process of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, resulting in two identical daughter cells.
  • Genetic Variation: Sexual reproduction leads to offspring with new combinations of alleles, enhancing genetic diversity.

Important Structures

  • Kinetochore: Protein structure on chromatids that spindle fibers attach to during cell division.
  • Homologue: One of the two homologous chromosomes in a pair.

Importance of Sexual Reproduction

  • Provides genetic diversity through the combination of alleles, affecting both genotype and phenotype variations in offspring.

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Description

Test your knowledge on meiosis with these flashcards. Learn about the process of reduction division and the significance of meiosis in cellular biology. Review definitions and key concepts to enhance your understanding of genetics.

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