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Questions and Answers
What happens at the beginning of interphase?
What happens at the beginning of interphase?
Cells grow, synthesize mRNA and proteins required for DNA synthesis.
What occurs to DNA in the nucleus during interphase?
What occurs to DNA in the nucleus during interphase?
DNA is copied and the cell grows some more.
What is necessary for cell growth?
What is necessary for cell growth?
2 DNA sets.
How many chromosomes does a cell have?
How many chromosomes does a cell have?
How do chromosomes separate in anaphase I?
How do chromosomes separate in anaphase I?
How does anaphase I in meiosis differ from anaphase in mitosis?
How does anaphase I in meiosis differ from anaphase in mitosis?
How many chromosomes are on each side at the end of anaphase I (meiosis)?
How many chromosomes are on each side at the end of anaphase I (meiosis)?
What happens to chromosomes during telophase I?
What happens to chromosomes during telophase I?
What is a contractile ring?
What is a contractile ring?
What proteins form the contractile units of skeletal muscle?
What proteins form the contractile units of skeletal muscle?
Before prophase II begins, does the cell duplicate itself?
Before prophase II begins, does the cell duplicate itself?
During metaphase II, do homologous chromosomes pair up as in metaphase I?
During metaphase II, do homologous chromosomes pair up as in metaphase I?
How does anaphase II differ from anaphase I?
How does anaphase II differ from anaphase I?
At the end of anaphase II, how many chromatids are on each side?
At the end of anaphase II, how many chromatids are on each side?
After cytokinesis, how many cells are there?
After cytokinesis, how many cells are there?
Are all cells the same size after meiosis?
Are all cells the same size after meiosis?
Is there any difference between female and male cells after meiosis?
Is there any difference between female and male cells after meiosis?
How do female cells look after cytokinesis?
How do female cells look after cytokinesis?
What are the sizes of the 4 female cells?
What are the sizes of the 4 female cells?
What is the largest cell called?
What is the largest cell called?
What are the smaller cells called?
What are the smaller cells called?
Why are egg cells large and sperm cells small?
Why are egg cells large and sperm cells small?
Which color chromosomes pair together?
Which color chromosomes pair together?
List possible chromosome combinations.
List possible chromosome combinations.
What is a genotype?
What is a genotype?
When putting pairs of homologous chromosomes together, what happens?
When putting pairs of homologous chromosomes together, what happens?
What is crossover?
What is crossover?
How do random distribution of chromosomes and crossovers create more variation in the resulting gametes?
How do random distribution of chromosomes and crossovers create more variation in the resulting gametes?
What happens to meiosis without DNA replication?
What happens to meiosis without DNA replication?
Describe what would happen if chromosomes did not attach to spindle fibers during metaphase I.
Describe what would happen if chromosomes did not attach to spindle fibers during metaphase I.
Describe what would happen if sister chromatids were not pulled apart at anaphase II.
Describe what would happen if sister chromatids were not pulled apart at anaphase II.
Describe what would happen if cytokinesis did not occur.
Describe what would happen if cytokinesis did not occur.
Flashcards
Interphase: What happens first?
Interphase: What happens first?
Cell growth and synthesis of mRNA and proteins needed for DNA replication.
DNA Replication: Where?
DNA Replication: Where?
DNA is copied within the nucleus during interphase
Chromosomes: How many sets?
Chromosomes: How many sets?
Cells need two sets of DNA for proper growth and division
Chromosomes: Role in division
Chromosomes: Role in division
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Anaphase I: Sister chromatids?
Anaphase I: Sister chromatids?
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Mitosis: Chromatids outcome?
Mitosis: Chromatids outcome?
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Meiosis: Chromatids outcome?
Meiosis: Chromatids outcome?
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Anaphase I: What's moved?
Anaphase I: What's moved?
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Anaphase II: What's moved?
Anaphase II: What's moved?
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Telophase I: What happens next?
Telophase I: What happens next?
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Cytokinesis: The Job?
Cytokinesis: The Job?
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Gametes Size: Female Outcome?
Gametes Size: Female Outcome?
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Gametes Size: Purpose of size difference?
Gametes Size: Purpose of size difference?
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Chromosome Pairs: Example?
Chromosome Pairs: Example?
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Meiosis: Genetic diversity?
Meiosis: Genetic diversity?
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Crossover: What happens?
Crossover: What happens?
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Meiosis Error: DNA Replication Problem?
Meiosis Error: DNA Replication Problem?
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Meiosis Error: Improper Spindle Attachment?
Meiosis Error: Improper Spindle Attachment?
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Meiosis Error: Anaphase II Problem?
Meiosis Error: Anaphase II Problem?
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Meiosis Error: Cytokinesis absence?
Meiosis Error: Cytokinesis absence?
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Study Notes
Interphase and DNA Synthesis
- Interphase starts with cell growth, synthesis of mRNA, and proteins essential for DNA synthesis.
- During interphase, DNA within the nucleus is copied as the cell continues to grow.
Chromosome Structure and Separation
- Cells require two sets of DNA for proper growth and division.
- Each cell has four pairs of chromosomes that play a crucial role in genetic material distribution.
- In anaphase I, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
Differences Between Meiosis and Mitosis
- Mitosis results in the separation of chromatids into four distinct parts; meiosis separates two chromatids.
- Anaphase I involves chromosomes whereas anaphase II concerns sister chromatids.
- At the conclusion of anaphase I in meiosis, there are two chromosomes on each side.
Telophase and Cytokinesis
- In telophase I, chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear envelope reforms around them.
- A contractile ring, made of actin and myosin filaments, forms around the dividing cell to facilitate cytokinesis.
- Post cytokinesis, four new cells are formed, all initially the same size.
Gender and Size of Gametes
- All cells produced are initially similar in size; however, in females, gametes differ in size after cytokinesis (three smaller polar bodies and one larger ovum).
- Egg cells are larger to accommodate the resources necessary for new life, while sperm cells are smaller, focusing on genetic transmission.
Chromosome Pairing and Genetic Variation
- Chromosome pairs consist of specific color combinations (e.g., LG&DP, DG&LP).
- Various combinations of chromosomes can occur during meiosis, leading to genetic diversity.
- During crossover, homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation among gametes.
Consequences of Errors in Meiosis
- If DNA replication does not occur prior to meiosis, resulting gametes may lack essential genetic material.
- Improper attachment to spindle fibers during metaphase I can lead to unequal chromosome segregation, causing daughter cells with abnormal genetic content.
- Failure to separate sister chromatids during anaphase II can result in both chromatids being retained in the same gamete.
- Absence of cytokinesis leads to cell fusion and can cause polyploidy, a condition where cells possess more than two paired sets of chromosomes.
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