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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of carbohydrates in biological systems?
Which of the following statements correctly describes polysaccharides?
What process involves the removal of water to bond monomers together to form polymers?
Which of the following is a characteristic of lipids?
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What type of bond joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides?
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Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?
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What is the primary role of dietary complex carbohydrates?
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Which biomolecule is characterized by being hydrophobic and having diverse chemical structures?
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Which protein is primarily responsible for the structural integrity of hair and nails?
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin in the body?
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Which of the following correctly describes the components of a nucleotide?
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What type of bond connects the base pairs in DNA?
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What occurs during protein denaturation?
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What is the role of insulin in the human body?
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How many chromosomes does a diploid human cell contain?
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What is the function of enzymes in chemical reactions?
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What is the primary function of triglycerides?
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Which type of fat contains multiple double bonds and is liquid at room temperature?
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What distinguishes saturated fats from other types of fats?
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What is a primary role of phospholipids in biological systems?
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What is the structure of steroids characterized by?
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Which type of lipoprotein is known as 'bad cholesterol'?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes emulsification?
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How many essential amino acids are required for building proteins in the human body?
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What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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What component of a eukaryotic cell is responsible for protein synthesis?
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Which structure serves to protect prokaryotic cells and assists in attachment to surfaces?
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The gel-like substance within the cell that contains various dissolved substances is called:
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What is the function of the FLAGELLUM in prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding cellular theory?
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The part of the prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located is called the:
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What is the primary function of neuroglial cells?
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Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by striations and is involuntary?
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What are the properties of simple squamous epithelium?
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Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the digestive tract?
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What characteristic distinguishes skeletal muscle tissue?
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What best describes the function of connective tissue?
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Which feature is characteristic of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
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What distinguishes stratified squamous epithelium from simple squamous epithelium?
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Study Notes
Major Categories of Biomolecules
- Four primary categories: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.
Monomers and Polymers
- Biomolecules are made of monomers (small molecules) and polymers (chains of bonded monomers).
- Dehydration synthesis removes water, allowing molecules to bond.
- Hydrolysis synthesis adds water to separate bonded molecules.
Carbohydrates
- Chemical formula: CnH2nOn.
- Provide energy and contain water (H2O) for each carbon atom.
- Types include:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose) that can be isomers.
- Disaccharides: Formed from two monosaccharides (e.g., lactose, sucrose, maltose) via glycosidic bonds.
- Polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates made of linked monosaccharides (e.g., cellulose, glycogen, starch, chitin).
Carbohydrates: Food Sources
- Simple Carbs: Found in candy, fruits, and sweet drinks, providing quick energy.
- Complex Carbs: Found in pasta and legumes, digestion takes longer.
Lipids
- Insoluble in water, characterized by diverse structures and made with ester bonds.
Functions of Lipids
- Fats/Triglycerides: Energy storage, insulation, and cushioning for organs.
- Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature, high melting point (e.g., coconut oil).
- Unsaturated Fats:
- Monounsaturated: One double bond, liquid (e.g., olive oil).
- Polyunsaturated: Multiple double bonds, liquid (e.g., sunflower oil).
- Trans Fats: Partially hydrogenated, high melting point, often used in industrial applications.
- Phospholipids: Major component of cell membranes with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
- Steroids: Structure of four carbon rings; function in membrane fluidity and signaling (e.g., cholesterol).
Proteins
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; over 30,000 types exist.
- Amino acids are the building blocks, differing by side chains (R groups).
- Essential Amino Acids (9 in diet); Non-Essential can be synthesized by the body.
Protein Functions
- Structural: Keratin, collagen, muscle proteins.
- Hormonal: Insulin and cyclins act as messengers in the body.
- Transport: Hemoglobin carries oxygen.
Denaturation
- Proteins can be altered irreversibly by heat, acids, bases, or alcohol.
Nucleic Acids
- Store hereditary information and are composed of nucleotides.
- Types include:
- Nucleoside: Base plus sugar.
- Nucleotide: Pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
- DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, encodes protein synthesis (base pairs: A-T, C-G).
- RNA: Plays a role in gene expression (base pairs: A-U, C-G).
Melting and Reannealing
- High temperature or low salt concentration causes DNA strands to separate and reattach.
Enzymes
- Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed.
Cell Structure
- Four main components:
- Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable, double layer of phospholipids.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where metabolic activities occur.
- Genetic Material: DNA housed in the nucleus or cytoplasm.
- Ribosome: Sites for protein synthesis.
Cell Theory
- All living organisms consist of cells.
- Cells are the fundamental units of life.
- New cells arise from existing cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Simple structure, no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, includes Archaea and bacteria.
- Components:
- Flagellum (for movement), capsule (for protection), cell wall (for structure), ribosome (protein production), nucleoid (contains DNA), pili (for attachment).
Eukaryotic Cells
- More complex with nucleus and organelles, found in animals and plants.
Muscle Tissue
- Specialized for contraction:
- Skeletal: Voluntary, striated, multinucleated cells.
- Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, cells connected via intercalated discs.
- Smooth: Involuntary, non-striated, found in the digestive tract.
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines cavities, classified by cell shape and layers:
- Squamous: Thin, facilitates absorption/diffusion.
- Cuboidal: Absorbs nutrients, found in kidney tubules.
- Columnar: Absorbs and secretes, found in the digestive tract.
- Pseudostratified: Appears layered, lines respiratory passages.
Connective Tissue
- Supports and protects organs, stores fat, and aids in transport and repair.
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Description
This quiz covers the major categories of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of monomers and polymers, along with the process of dehydration synthesis. Test your understanding of these essential biological concepts.
