Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic compound?
Which of the following is an example of an inorganic compound?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Which structure synthesizes lipids in the cell?
Which structure synthesizes lipids in the cell?
What defines eukaryotic cells?
What defines eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
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Which component of the cell is primarily responsible for producing ATP?
Which component of the cell is primarily responsible for producing ATP?
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Which type of macromolecule includes enzymes and antibodies?
Which type of macromolecule includes enzymes and antibodies?
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What structure within a plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?
What structure within a plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?
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What is the main benefit of a high surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio in cells?
What is the main benefit of a high surface area to volume (SA:V) ratio in cells?
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What is the primary role of enzymes in biological reactions?
What is the primary role of enzymes in biological reactions?
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What characterizes hypertonic solutions compared to cells?
What characterizes hypertonic solutions compared to cells?
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During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?
During which phase of cellular respiration is the majority of ATP produced?
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What is the defining feature of meiosis compared to mitosis?
What is the defining feature of meiosis compared to mitosis?
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What effect does temperature have on enzyme activity?
What effect does temperature have on enzyme activity?
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What is the result of oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration?
What is the result of oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration?
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In genetics, what does a Punnett square help to determine?
In genetics, what does a Punnett square help to determine?
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What is a primary function of the plasma membrane?
What is a primary function of the plasma membrane?
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How does Type 1 diabetes primarily affect the body?
How does Type 1 diabetes primarily affect the body?
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Study Notes
Organic vs. Inorganic / Abiotic vs Biotic
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are often found in living things (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
- Inorganic compounds lack carbon-hydrogen bonds (e.g., water, salts, minerals).
- Abiotic factors are non-living environmental components (e.g., temperature, water, sunlight).
- Biotic factors are living parts of an environment (all organisms).
Macromolecules of Life
Carbohydrates
- Building blocks: monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose, fructose).
- Structure: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms arranged in ring or chain structures.
- Examples: starch (plant energy storage), glycogen (animal energy storage), cellulose (plant structure).
Proteins
- Building blocks: amino acids.
- Structure: amino group (-NH₂), carboxyl group (-COOH), and a variable R-group.
- Examples: hemoglobin, enzymes, antibodies, collagen.
Lipids
- Building blocks: fatty acids and glycerol.
- Structure: long hydrocarbon chains, can form triglycerides (fats) or phospholipids (cell membranes).
- Examples: fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids.
Nucleic Acids
- Building blocks: nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base).
- Structure: DNA (double helix), RNA (single-stranded).
- Examples: DNA (genetic information), RNA (protein synthesis).
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., animal cells, plant cells, fungi, protists).
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria, archaea).
Cell Parts and Functions
- Nucleus: houses the cell's DNA and controls activities.
- Mitochondria: the cell's power plant, produces ATP via cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes: synthesize proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): rough ER (with ribosomes) makes proteins; smooth ER makes lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: modifies and packages proteins for transport.
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.
- Chloroplasts (plant cells): site of photosynthesis.
- Cell Membrane: controls what enters and exits the cell.
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
- A regulated cell death process crucial for maintaining cellular health and development.
- Involves signaling pathways to dismantle the cell without affecting surrounding cells.
Endosymbiotic Theory
- Theory proposing that some organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts) were once free-living prokaryotes that merged into a host cell.
SA:V (Surface Area to Volume Ratio)
- Affects cellular process efficiency.
- High SA:V is beneficial for nutrient and waste exchange.
- As cell size increases, SA:V decreases, limiting efficiency.
Membrane Structure & Function
- Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; selectively permeable.
- Function: transport, signaling, cell recognition, homeostasis maintenance.
Diffusion
- Movement from high to low concentration.
- Facilitated diffusion: uses membrane proteins without energy input.
Hypertonic vs. Hypotonic
- Hypertonic: higher solute concentration outside the cell; water moves out, cell shrinks.
- Hypotonic: lower solute concentration outside the cell; water moves in, cell swells.
Energy Types
- Exergonic reactions: release energy (e.g., cellular respiration).
- Endergonic reactions: require energy input (e.g., photosynthesis).
- Activation energy: energy needed to start a reaction.
Enzymes
- Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Factors affecting enzymes: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors.
Insulin and Diabetes
- Insulin: regulates blood sugar levels.
- Type 1 Diabetes: immune system attacks insulin-producing cells.
- Type 2 Diabetes: cells become resistant to insulin.
Factors Affecting the Immune System
- Age, nutrition, exercise, stress, disease affect immune function.
- Vaccines train the immune system to recognize pathogens.
Cellular Respiration
- Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen, produces 36-38 ATP per glucose.
- Anaerobic respiration: occurs without oxygen, produces 2 ATP per glucose (lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation).
Photosynthesis
- Light-dependent reactions: occur in thylakoid membranes, convert light to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH).
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle): use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to glucose.
Chemiosmosis & ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
- Chemiosmosis: ATP production using a proton gradient.
- ETC (Electron Transport Chain): generates a proton gradient for ATP production using proteins in membranes (mitochondria, chloroplasts).
Cell Cycle and Cancer
- Cell Cycle: interphase (G1, S, G2), and mitosis/cytokinesis.
- Cancer: uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in cell cycle regulatory genes (proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes).
Meiosis vs Mitosis
- Mitosis: produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
- Meiosis: produces four non-identical haploid gametes, reducing chromosome number.
Probability in Genetics
- Punnett Squares: predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
- Multiplication rule: probability of independent events occurring together.
Mendelian Genetics
- Genotype: genetic makeup (homozygous, heterozygous).
- Phenotype: physical traits expressed by genes (dominant, recessive).
- Codominance: both alleles are expressed (e.g., AB blood type).
- Incomplete dominance: blended expression (e.g., pink flowers from red and white).
Structure of Chromosomes
- Chromosomes: DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
- Homologous chromosomes: similar shape, size, and genetic content.
Linked and Sex-Linked Genes
- Linked genes: located close on the same chromosome, inherited together.
- Sex-linked genes: located on sex chromosomes (X, Y), often with different effects in males and females.
Pedigree Charts
- Track traits across generations, showing phenotypes and relationships.
DNA Replication
- Process of unwinding DNA and adding new nucleotides to create two identical DNA molecules.
Cell Respiration Lab
- Investigates cellular respiration, often measuring CO2 or O2 as metabolic indicators.
Chi-Square (X²) Lab
- Statistical test to compare observed and expected genetic ratios.
- Formula: X² = Σ [(O - E)² / E]. (O = observed, E = expected)
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Description
This quiz covers the essential differences between organic and inorganic compounds, as well as abiotic and biotic factors. Additionally, it delves into the structure and function of key macromolecules of life, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological concepts!
