Biology Overview and Lab Equipment

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Questions and Answers

Which component of the cell is responsible for regulating materials in and out of the cell?

  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane (correct)
  • Ribosomes
  • Nucleus

What is the main function of ribosomes within a cell?

  • DNA replication
  • Energy production
  • Protein synthesis (correct)
  • Photosynthesis

Which process is associated with the bulk movement of materials in and out of the cell?

  • Endocytosis and Exocytosis (correct)
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Passive transport

Which of the following correctly distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, which of the following is a primary reactant?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (B), Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

<p>Chloroplast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Digest old organelles and unwanted materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the six characteristics common to living organisms?

<p>Living things can photosynthesize. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'homeostasis' refer to in biology?

<p>The maintenance of a stable internal environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between a scientific theory and a scientific law?

<p>A theory is broader and can evolve over time, while laws are static. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scientific experiment, which axis is the independent variable typically graphed on?

<p>X axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a hypothesis in scientific research?

<p>A proposed but untested explanation for observations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To validate the experimental group results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metric conversion is indicated for moving from kilometers to centimeters?

<p>Multiply by 100,000. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of biochemistry as a branch of biology?

<p>The study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

<p>Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, while ionic bonds involve transferring electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine the atomic mass of an element?

<p>By adding the number of protons to the number of neutrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is specifically used to identify the presence of proteins?

<p>Biuret Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction?

<p>To bind to troponin, allowing muscle contraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about isotopes is true?

<p>Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main sugar monomer in carbohydrates?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process requires ATP to transport substances across a membrane?

<p>Active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a solution?

<p>A homogeneous mixture at the molecular level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the element's identity.

What is atomic mass?

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses.

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of valence electrons between two or more atoms.

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What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between two atoms, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.

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What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak bond between polar molecules, where the slightly positive end of one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative end of another.

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What is a solution?

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where the particles are evenly distributed.

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What is a solvent?

The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring energy.

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Endocytosis

The process by which cells take in large particles or fluids by engulfing them in vesicles.

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Exocytosis

The process by which cells release large particles or fluids from their interior to the outside by enclosing them in vesicles.

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Cell Theory

The theory that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, that the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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Prokaryotic Cell

A cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal membrane-bound organelles. Examples include plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar).

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose (sugar) to produce energy in the form of ATP.

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What is Biology?

The study of all living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution.

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What is a Law?

A widely accepted idea about a phenomenon that does not change, often represented by an equation. Example: Law of Conservation of Mass.

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What is a Theory?

An explanation that is broader in scope, supported by lots of experiments. It can change as technology advances. Example: Cell Theory.

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What is a Hypothesis?

A proposed explanation for a set of observations that is testable and falsifiable. It's a prediction.

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What is Homeostasis?

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in living organisms, especially in higher vertebrates. Ensures optimal conditions.

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What is the Independent Variable?

The variable that the scientist changes in an experiment. It's graphed on the X axis of a graph.

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What is the Dependent Variable?

The variable that is measured in an experiment. It's graphed on the Y axis of a graph.

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What is a Control Group?

A group in an experiment that is treated exactly the same as the experimental group, but without the independent variable. Used to compare results.

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Study Notes

Biology Notes

  • Biology is the study of life, encompassing diverse branches like biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolutionary theory, microbiology, botany, and zoology.

Characteristics of Living Organisms

  • Living things are composed of cells.
  • Living things acquire and utilize energy.
  • Living things grow and develop.
  • Living things reproduce.
  • Living things respond and adapt to their environment.
  • Living things eliminate waste.

Lab Equipment (Glassware)

  • Erlenmeyer Flask
  • Griffin Beaker
  • Graduated Cylinder
  • Graduated Pipet

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is crucial for maintaining a stable internal environment in organisms, particularly higher vertebrates.
  • Homeostasis helps establish optimal conditions for organisms.

Metric Conversions

  • A table detailing the conversion factors between metric units is provided.

Theory vs. Law

  • A law is a widely accepted idea about a phenomenon that does not change.
  • An example is the Law of Conservation of Mass.
  • A theory is a broad explanatory idea supported by multiple experiments and potentially changes with advances in technology.
  • An example is the Cell Theory.

Scientific Method

  • Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for observations, must be testable and falsifiable.
  • Experiment: Tests a hypothesis, gathering data.
  • (Controlled experiments test only one variable at a time.)
  • Results: Data reported using the universal metric system.

Independent and Dependent Variables

  • Independent variable: The variable changed by the scientist in the experiment, graphed on the x-axis.
  • Dependent variable: The variable measured in the experiment, graphed on the y-axis.

Chemistry

  • Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
  • Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons.
  • Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.

Chemical Bonds

  • Covalent Bonds: Elements share valence electrons.
  • Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons creates positive (lost electron) and negative (gained electron) ions.
  • Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds between polar molecules.

Water Properties

  • Water is a polar molecule (hydrogen slightly positive, oxygen slightly negative).
  • Adhesion: Water attraction to surfaces.
  • Cohesion: Water molecules' attraction to each other.

Solutions

  • A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances at the molecular level.
  • Homogeneous means the particles are evenly distributed.
  • When a substance like salt dissolves in water, water is the solvent, and the salt is the solute.

Organic Molecules

  • Polymer categories (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins) are linked to their monomers.
  • The monomers of these key macromolecules contribute to their respective roles.

Functional Groups of Amino Acids

  • Amino acids have specific functional groups like an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH), along with their side chain (R group).

Tests for Biomolecules

  • Tests to detect the presence of specific biological molecules: Biurets test (Protein), Lugol's iodine (Complex Carbohydrates), Benedict's test Simple Sugar (Glucose), Sudan III (Lipids)

Membrane Transport

  • Passive transport (does not require energy): Movement of substances down a concentration gradient (high to low concentration).
  • Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport using carrier proteins.
  • Active transport (requires energy): Movement of substances against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
  • Example: Sodium potassium pump and calcium pump in muscles, pyruvate in mitochondrial membrane.

Cell Roles

  • Cells performing essential functions are involved in processes like muscle contraction (calcium role), and cell transport.

Cellular Processes

  • Endocytosis and exocytosis: Bulk movement of substance in and out of cells.

Cell Theory

  • All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
  • All cells arise from preexisting cells.

Cell Types

  • Prokaryotes: Bacteria, unicellular, lack a nucleus.
  • Eukaryotes: Diverse organisms (animals, plants, fungi, protists): have a nucleus.

Cell Organelles

  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance surrounding cell organelles.
  • Mitochondria: Cellular respiration, breaking down food substances.
  • Cell Membrane: Environmental boundary, regulates substance exchange in and out of the cell.
  • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes digesting old organelles, food particles, and unwanted substances.
  • Cell Wall: Provides support and protection.
  • Ribosomes: Make proteins.
  • Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis.
  • Nucleus: Stores DNA, genetic material, and controls cellular processes.

Plant vs Animal Cells

  • Plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls; animal cells have centrioles.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
  • Takes place in the chloroplast.
  • Performed by autotrophs.
  • Two stages: light reactions and Calvin cycle.

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP.
  • Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
  • Produces ATP (energy). Stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.

Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs

  • Autotrophs make their own food (e.g., plants).
  • Heterotrophs consume food (e.g., animals).

Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Respiration

  • Products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. This cycle is fundamental to the flow of energy in ecosystems.

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