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Questions and Answers
Which component of the cell is responsible for regulating materials in and out of the cell?
Which component of the cell is responsible for regulating materials in and out of the cell?
What is the main function of ribosomes within a cell?
What is the main function of ribosomes within a cell?
Which process is associated with the bulk movement of materials in and out of the cell?
Which process is associated with the bulk movement of materials in and out of the cell?
Which of the following correctly distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following correctly distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
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During photosynthesis, which of the following is a primary reactant?
During photosynthesis, which of the following is a primary reactant?
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Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
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Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
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What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?
What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the six characteristics common to living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT one of the six characteristics common to living organisms?
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What does the term 'homeostasis' refer to in biology?
What does the term 'homeostasis' refer to in biology?
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What is the main distinction between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
What is the main distinction between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
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In a scientific experiment, which axis is the independent variable typically graphed on?
In a scientific experiment, which axis is the independent variable typically graphed on?
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Which of the following describes a hypothesis in scientific research?
Which of the following describes a hypothesis in scientific research?
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What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
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Which metric conversion is indicated for moving from kilometers to centimeters?
Which metric conversion is indicated for moving from kilometers to centimeters?
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What is the primary focus of biochemistry as a branch of biology?
What is the primary focus of biochemistry as a branch of biology?
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What is the primary difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?
What is the primary difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?
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How can you determine the atomic mass of an element?
How can you determine the atomic mass of an element?
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Which test is specifically used to identify the presence of proteins?
Which test is specifically used to identify the presence of proteins?
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What is the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
What is the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
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Which of the following statements about isotopes is true?
Which of the following statements about isotopes is true?
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What is the main sugar monomer in carbohydrates?
What is the main sugar monomer in carbohydrates?
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Which process requires ATP to transport substances across a membrane?
Which process requires ATP to transport substances across a membrane?
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Which of the following describes a solution?
Which of the following describes a solution?
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Study Notes
Biology Notes
- Biology is the study of life, encompassing diverse branches like biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, evolutionary theory, microbiology, botany, and zoology.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Living things are composed of cells.
- Living things acquire and utilize energy.
- Living things grow and develop.
- Living things reproduce.
- Living things respond and adapt to their environment.
- Living things eliminate waste.
Lab Equipment (Glassware)
- Erlenmeyer Flask
- Griffin Beaker
- Graduated Cylinder
- Graduated Pipet
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is crucial for maintaining a stable internal environment in organisms, particularly higher vertebrates.
- Homeostasis helps establish optimal conditions for organisms.
Metric Conversions
- A table detailing the conversion factors between metric units is provided.
Theory vs. Law
- A law is a widely accepted idea about a phenomenon that does not change.
- An example is the Law of Conservation of Mass.
- A theory is a broad explanatory idea supported by multiple experiments and potentially changes with advances in technology.
- An example is the Cell Theory.
Scientific Method
- Hypothesis: A proposed explanation for observations, must be testable and falsifiable.
- Experiment: Tests a hypothesis, gathering data.
- (Controlled experiments test only one variable at a time.)
- Results: Data reported using the universal metric system.
Independent and Dependent Variables
- Independent variable: The variable changed by the scientist in the experiment, graphed on the x-axis.
- Dependent variable: The variable measured in the experiment, graphed on the y-axis.
Chemistry
- Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
- Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
Chemical Bonds
- Covalent Bonds: Elements share valence electrons.
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons creates positive (lost electron) and negative (gained electron) ions.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weak bonds between polar molecules.
Water Properties
- Water is a polar molecule (hydrogen slightly positive, oxygen slightly negative).
- Adhesion: Water attraction to surfaces.
- Cohesion: Water molecules' attraction to each other.
Solutions
- A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances at the molecular level.
- Homogeneous means the particles are evenly distributed.
- When a substance like salt dissolves in water, water is the solvent, and the salt is the solute.
Organic Molecules
- Polymer categories (carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins) are linked to their monomers.
- The monomers of these key macromolecules contribute to their respective roles.
Functional Groups of Amino Acids
- Amino acids have specific functional groups like an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH), along with their side chain (R group).
Tests for Biomolecules
- Tests to detect the presence of specific biological molecules: Biurets test (Protein), Lugol's iodine (Complex Carbohydrates), Benedict's test Simple Sugar (Glucose), Sudan III (Lipids)
Membrane Transport
- Passive transport (does not require energy): Movement of substances down a concentration gradient (high to low concentration).
- Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport using carrier proteins.
- Active transport (requires energy): Movement of substances against a concentration gradient (low to high concentration)
- Example: Sodium potassium pump and calcium pump in muscles, pyruvate in mitochondrial membrane.
Cell Roles
- Cells performing essential functions are involved in processes like muscle contraction (calcium role), and cell transport.
Cellular Processes
- Endocytosis and exocytosis: Bulk movement of substance in and out of cells.
Cell Theory
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
- All cells arise from preexisting cells.
Cell Types
- Prokaryotes: Bacteria, unicellular, lack a nucleus.
- Eukaryotes: Diverse organisms (animals, plants, fungi, protists): have a nucleus.
Cell Organelles
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance surrounding cell organelles.
- Mitochondria: Cellular respiration, breaking down food substances.
- Cell Membrane: Environmental boundary, regulates substance exchange in and out of the cell.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes digesting old organelles, food particles, and unwanted substances.
- Cell Wall: Provides support and protection.
- Ribosomes: Make proteins.
- Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis.
- Nucleus: Stores DNA, genetic material, and controls cellular processes.
Plant vs Animal Cells
- Plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls; animal cells have centrioles.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
- Takes place in the chloroplast.
- Performed by autotrophs.
- Two stages: light reactions and Calvin cycle.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP.
- Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
- Produces ATP (energy). Stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
- Autotrophs make their own food (e.g., plants).
- Heterotrophs consume food (e.g., animals).
Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Respiration
- Products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. This cycle is fundamental to the flow of energy in ecosystems.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of biology, including the characteristics of living organisms, homeostasis, and essential lab equipment. This quiz will help you reinforce your understanding of vital biological principles and metrics. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their knowledge in the life sciences.
