Biology: Human Heart, Breathing, and Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is the main effect of nitrate deficiency in plants?

  • Stunted growth (correct)
  • Faster growth rate
  • Colorful leaves
  • Increased photosynthesis

Magnesium deficiency can result in chlorosis, marked by yellow leaves.

True (A)

Name one symptom of disease in plants.

Stunted growth

The __________ system releases hormones into the bloodstream.

<p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

<p>Insulin = Controls blood glucose levels Adrenaline = Prepares body for fight or flight Growth hormone = Promotes growth and development Sex hormones = Regulates sexual development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem in Type 1 diabetes?

<p>The pancreas doesn't produce enough or any insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the left atrium?

<p>Pumps blood to the whole body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas stops producing insulin entirely.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main methods suggested for curing Type 1 diabetes?

<p>Transplanting a pancreas and transplanting pancreatic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left ventricle has weaker contractions than the right ventricle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thyroxine, produced in the neck, plays an important part in _____ and _____ of the body.

<p>metabolic rate, growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a stent in the treatment of coronary heart disease?

<p>To open up blocked arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sharp mouthparts of aphids allow them to penetrate the ______ vessel in plant cells.

<p>phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of diabetes with its characteristics:

<p>Type 1 Diabetes = Insulin production is insufficient or absent Type 2 Diabetes = Linked to obesity and insulin resistance Thyroxine = Regulates the metabolic rate Insulin injection = Allows glucose to be used by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is primarily controlled by statins?

<p>Blood cholesterol levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following to their effects on plants:

<p>Aphids = Deprive plants of photosynthesis Mineral deficiency = Causes stunted growth Chemical pesticides = Eliminate pests Greenhouses = Control internal environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aphids are known for feeding on plant roots.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps alveoli enhance gas exchange?

<p>Large surface area and rich supply of blood capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

<p>To act as the master gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does adrenaline have on heart rate?

<p>Increases heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ADH regulates the growth rate in adults.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen?

<p>FSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adrenaline is released only during physical stress, not emotional stress.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone __________ controls the level of glucose in the blood.

<p>insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in temperature regulation?

<p>It acts as the thermoregulatory center sensitive to temperature changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adrenaline helps convert stored glycogen in the liver to __________ for respiration.

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released when blood glucose concentration falls?

<p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following physiological responses with their corresponding conditions:

<p>Dilation of capillaries = Cooling the body down Contraction of capillaries = Keeping warm Production of sweat = Cooling the body down Increased respiration rate = Adrenaline response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the endocrine gland with its function:

<p>Pancreas = Controls blood glucose levels Adrenal gland = Prepares body for fight or flight Ovaries = Controls female sexual characteristics Testes = Controls male sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the effects of adrenaline?

<p>It increases mental awareness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycogen is converted back into glucose when blood glucose levels are low.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If body temperature fluctuates even slightly from 37 degrees, it can negatively affect enzyme performance.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TSH in the endocrine system?

<p>Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood flow in the body when the temperature rises?

<p>Blood vessels on the skin surface dilate to increase blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

<p>Filtering blood and removing waste (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urea is a harmless product that can be stored in the body without consequence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two main waste products must be removed from the body due to their toxicity?

<p>Carbon dioxide and urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water leaves the body through the __________ every time you exhale.

<p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following waste products with their sources:

<p>Carbon dioxide = Produced during respiration Urea = Produced from the breakdown of proteins Water = Lost through sweating and exhaling Mineral ions = Lost through sweat and urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chlorosis

A condition where plants lack sufficient magnesium, leading to reduced chlorophyll production and yellowing of leaves.

Hormones

Chemicals released by glands in the endocrine system, transported via the bloodstream to target organs.

Nitrate deficiency

This deficiency leads to stunted growth in plants because they lack the necessary nutrients for proper development

Photosynthesis

The process where a plant turns sunlight into energy, requiring chlorophyll.

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Endocrine System

The collection of glands that produce and secrete hormones.

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What is the function of the right atrium?

The right atrium is responsible for receiving blood from the body and pumping it to the lungs.

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Why is the left ventricle stronger than the right ventricle?

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body.

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What is a stent used for?

A metal mesh inserted into a blocked artery to improve blood flow.

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How do statins help prevent cardiovascular disease?

Statins help reduce cholesterol levels in the blood, slowing down the build-up of fatty deposits in arteries.

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How do the adaptations of alveoli aid in gas exchange?

Alveoli are small air sacs in the lungs, their structure allows for a large surface area for efficient gas exchange.

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What are aphids and how do they damage plants?

Aphids pierce plant cells with their sharp mouthparts and feed on the sugar-rich phloem sap.

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How do aphids act as vectors of plant diseases?

Aphids can carry and transmit plant diseases, viruses, bacteria, and fungi from infected to healthy plants.

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What causes mineral deficiency in plants?

Mineral deficiency in plants arises from insufficient mineral ions in the soil, leading to stunted growth and development.

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What is the pituitary gland?

Master gland in the brain that releases hormones to control other glands.

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What is ADH?

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that controls urine production.

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What is FSH?

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the ovaries.

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What is TSH?

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that controls the thyroid gland.

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What is insulin?

Hormone produced by the pancreas that helps lower blood glucose levels.

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What is glucagon?

Hormone produced by the pancreas that helps raise blood glucose levels.

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Explain negative feedback control.

Process where a change in the body triggers a response that reverses that change.

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How does the pancreas control blood glucose levels?

The process where the pancreas releases either insulin or glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels.

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Type 1 Diabetes

A condition where the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels.

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Type 2 Diabetes

A condition where the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't respond properly to the insulin produced, leading to high blood glucose levels.

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Negative Feedback

A system that maintains a steady state in the body. When something increases, the system works to decrease it, and vice versa.

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Thyroxine

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls metabolism, growth, and development.

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TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

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Cellular Respiration

The process where cells break down glucose to release energy, producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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Urea

A poisonous waste product produced by the breakdown of amino acids in the liver.

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Carbon Dioxide

A waste product produced during respiration, removed by the lungs when you exhale.

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Kidneys

The organs that filter waste products, excess water, and mineral ions from the blood and excrete them as urine.

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Homeostasis

The maintenance of a constant internal environment, such as water and mineral ion balance.

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What is Adrenaline?

A hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress, preparing the body for 'fight or flight'.

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Where are the adrenal glands located?

The adrenal glands are located at the top of the kidneys and release adrenaline in response to stress, preparing the body for 'fight or flight'.

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How does Adrenaline affect the body?

Adrenaline increases heart rate and breathing rate, diverting blood from digestion to the muscles and preparing the body for physical exertion.

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What is the ideal body temperature for humans?

The optimum temperature for human enzymes to function efficiently is 37 degrees Celsius.

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Where is the body's temperature control center located?

The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus of the brain controls body temperature.

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How does the hypothalamus regulate temperature?

The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus uses temperature receptors in the blood and skin to monitor body temperature.

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How does the body cool down?

When the body gets too hot, blood vessels dilate and sweating increases to cool the body down.

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How does the body stay warm?

When the body gets too cold, blood vessels constrict to reduce heat loss and shivering generates heat.

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Study Notes

Biology - Human Heart

  • The heart acts as a pump, taking blood to and from the lungs and the entire body
  • The left ventricle is more muscular than the right because it pumps blood around the whole body needing greater force
  • Coronary heart disease can often be treated using a stent (metal mesh) to open the arteries
  • Alternatively, cardiovascular disease can be treated with statins, which control cholesterol levels, slowing the buildup of fatty material in the coronary arteries.

Biology - Breathing and Gas Exchange

  • Alveoli (air sacs) have a large surface area for efficient gas exchange
  • The rich blood supply of capillaries maintains a steep concentration gradient for gas exchange, aiding in its speed and effectiveness.

Biology - Plant Diseases

  • Aphids are insects that pierce plant phloem and feed on sugars, impeding photosynthesis and weakening plants.
  • Aphids can also transmit viruses, bacteria, and fungi to healthy plants.
  • Non-communicable diseases (mineral deficiencies) are caused by a lack of vital mineral ions in the soil
  • Deficiency in nitrate ions affect growth and protein synthesis
  • Deficiency in magnesium ions affect chlorophyll production and photosynthesis, leading to noticeable yellowing of leaves.

Biology - Human Coordination and Endocrine Glands

  • The endocrine system uses hormones to control the body's internal environment.
  • The pituitary gland is the "master gland" controlling other endocrine glands.
  • Rapid-acting hormones (e.g., insulin, adrenaline) produce quicker effects while slow-acting hormones (e.g., growth hormones) have longer-term impacts.
  • FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.
  • TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) stimulates the production of thyroxine.

Biology - Blood Glucose Control

  • Blood glucose levels need to be controlled for enzymes to work efficiently, and to maintain correct body functions
  • The pancreas releases insulin to lower blood glucose when levels are high, allowing the glucose to be used in cells to produce energy.
  • When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas releases glucagon to increase the glucose in the blood.
  • Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce insulin
  • Type 2 diabetes occurs when cells don't respond to insulin properly.

Biology - Role of Negative Feedback

  • Negative feedback mechanisms maintain a constant internal environment.
  • Examples include mechanisms that control blood glucose levels or body temperature.
  • Thyroxine regulates metabolic rate in the body.
  • Adrenaline is released in response to stress or excitement, preparing the body for "fight or flight".

Biology - Homeostasis (Body Temperature)

  • The body maintains a constant internal temperature of approximately 37 degrees Celsius.
  • The hypothalamus regulates body temperature using negative feedback mechanisms.
  • Cooling mechanisms include vasodilation of blood vessels (increased blood flow), sweating, and behavioral changes.
  • Warming mechanisms include vasoconstriction of blood vessels (reduced blood flow), shivering, and behavioral changes.

Biology - Removing Waste Products

  • Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, removed from the body by exhaling.
  • Urea is a waste product formed in the liver, removed from the body by the kidneys and excreted as urine.
  • Maintaining water and electrolyte balance removes excess salt and water through sweat, urine, and exhaling.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of human heart anatomy and functions, the mechanics of breathing and gas exchange, as well as the impact of diseases on plants, such as aphids. Test your knowledge on how these biological systems function and interact with the environment.

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