Human Heart and Blood Vessels Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes pulmonary veins from other types of veins?

  • They are part of the systemic circulation.
  • They carry carbon dioxide and waste products.
  • They have thicker walls.
  • They carry oxygen-rich blood. (correct)

Which statement about the tunica intima in veins is accurate?

  • It is not fully developed and remains open.
  • It has a high degree of elasticity.
  • It collapses only when there is pressure.
  • It is fully developed and continuous. (correct)

Why do veins lack an elastic nature?

  • Their walls are too thick.
  • They contain more muscle tissue.
  • They are positioned away from the heart. (correct)
  • They need to absorb more nutrients from the blood.

What challenge is faced by veins in returning blood to the heart?

<p>Absence of blood leads to collapse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the blood circulation system is primarily affected by the wall structure of veins?

<p>Venous return to the heart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the phenomenon of arterial dilation and contraction?

<p>It creates a pulse that reflects heart rate and strength of heartbeat. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of atherosclerosis on pulse measurement?

<p>The pulse rate becomes slower than the heart rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue layer of the arterial wall primarily facilitates the pulse phenomenon?

<p>Tunica Media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the clotting mechanism in the arteries when the tunica intima is damaged?

<p>Collision of thermocytes with an irregular surface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries are exceptions in carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart?

<p>Renal and pulmonary arteries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the heart rate if the stroke volume decreases?

<p>The heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of arteries in the circulatory system?

<p>They assist the heart in pushing blood through the system of arteries by dilating and contrasting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system interact with the heart?

<p>They are antagonistic and counteract each other's effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the secondary pump action of arteries when hardening occurs?

<p>The arteries are unable to dilate properly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about coronary arteries is true?

<p>Thrombosis in coronary arteries can lead to heart attacks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is primarily responsible for slowing down the heart rate during relaxation or sleep?

<p>Vagus nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are veins structurally similar to arteries?

<p>Both contain three layers of tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chemoreceptors in heart rate regulation?

<p>They stimulate the vagus nerve when blood oxygen levels are high. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the systemic circuit in the circulatory system?

<p>To deliver oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does changing from a standing to a reclining position have on the heart rate?

<p>The heart rate increases as blood pools in the veins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions has a direct impact on increasing heart rate when present in excess?

<p>Calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the reflex to slow down the heart rate when blood pressure increases?

<p>Baroreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental equation used to calculate cardiac output?

<p>CO = Rate × Stroke Volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response occurs when a person stands suddenly from a reclining position?

<p>Increase in heart rate due to blood pooling in veins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does standing up have on blood flow and heart rate?

<p>It causes blood to pool in the lower body, prompting baroreceptors to adjust heart rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion has a direct effect on causing cardiac rigor due to increased levels?

<p>$Ca^{2+}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sodium influence the function of the heart ventricles?

<p>Optimal sodium levels allow the ventricles to fill effectively with blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed regarding heart rate differences between sexes?

<p>Females typically exhibit a higher average heart rate than males. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do depressants like barbiturates have on heart rate?

<p>They slow down the heart rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bradycardia

A slow heart rate.

Tachycardia

An elevated heart rate.

Arrhythmia

An irregular heartbeat.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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Arterial Pulse

The rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery wall, resulting from the heartbeat.

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Atherosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries.

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Tunica Intima

Innermost layer of an arterial wall, composed of a simple squamous epithelial lining.

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Coronary arteries

Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle itself.

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Pulmonary circuit

The pathway of blood flow between the heart and lungs.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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Heart Rate

The number of heartbeats per minute.

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Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Increases heart rate.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Slows down heart rate.

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Vagus Nerve

A nerve that controls heart rate, primarily slowing it down.

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Baroreceptors

Nerve endings that sense blood pressure.

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Chemoreceptors

Nerve endings that sense blood oxygen levels.

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Blood Pressure

Force exerted by blood against the artery walls.

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Blood Ions (Ca2+, K+)

Ions that influence heart rate. (Higher calcium, faster heart)

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Posture change effect on heart rate

Standing up reduces blood flow to the arteries, leading to a heart rate increase to maintain blood flow. Reclining increases blood flow, causing a reflex for heart rate adjustment to maintain the optimal flow.

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Blood ion impact

High calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) causes sustained heart contractions (cardiac rigor), while high potassium ($K^+$) slows heart rate, potentially resulting in cardiac arrest due to relaxation.

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Optimal sodium role in heart

Sodium is critical for ventricle relaxation, enabling them to fill with blood; imbalances disrupt ventricular contractions, impacting heart rate.

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Infant heart rate

Heart rates are faster during infancy, usually higher than 100 bpm.

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Drug impact on heart rate

Stimulants increase heart rate, depressants decrease it.

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Vein Function

Veins carry blood back to the heart, usually carrying carbon dioxide & waste; except for pulmonary & renal veins.

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Vein Wall Structure

Vein walls have 3 layers (tunica intima, media, externa) like arteries, but the tunica intima is complete, making them collapsible.

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Vein Elasticity

Veins have less elasticity than arteries due to their structure and distance from the heart; blood flow can be challenging to return to heart.

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Blood Flow Help in Veins

Veins have features that assist blood return (valves, muscle contractions, etc); these features avoid blood flow problem back to the heart.

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Pulmonary and Renal Veins

Exception to the general rule of carrying deoxygenated blood, carry oxygenated blood, important in gas exchange and waste removal.

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Study Notes

Terms Associated With The Heart

  • Bradycardia: Low heart rate
  • Tachycardia: Elevated heart rate
  • Excessive Tachycardia: (Fatal, Heart Flaten -> >250/min) (Heart Fibulation -> >360/Min)
  • Arrhythmia: An irregular heartbeat

Blood Vessels Arrangement

  • Pathway:
    • Atria -> Ventricles -> Arteries
    • Veins ->

Traits of Arteries

  • Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
  • Many arteries carry oxygen and nutrients, but there is an exception, the pulmonary artery, renal artery.
  • The walls of the arteries have 3 tissues. The tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventia.
  • The tunica intima is made up of fibrous tissue/connective tissue.
  • The tunica media is well developed in arteries.
  • The tunica intima is well developed in arteries, which consists of a special multiunit smooth muscle.
  • When blood is pushed by contacting towards their original status.
  • That is the role of the tunica media.
  • The sequence of dilation and contraction of the arteries correspond to the arteries filling it corresponds to the contraction and dilation of the heart.

2 Benefits of the contraction + Dilation

  • Creates a pulse.
  • The pulse rate of the heart and strength of the heartbeat.

If there is a problem with the wall (Arteriosclerosis), for example hardening of the walls (the pulse value is inaccurate).

  • In this instance, the pulse rate will be slower than the heart rate.
  • We call this condition an arterioferocious (hardening of the arteries).

2nd point

  • The arteries dilate and contract, helping to push blood through the system of arteries.
  • When there are hardening of the arteries, they are called "secondary pumps."
  • The heart will beat faster because the secondary pumping action of the heart will give a sequence of events.

The third tissue of the wall

  • It is a simple squamous epithelial lining of the interior wall.
  • The presence of the tunica intima allows the artery to dilate without damage. However, the tunica intima becomes lined with fat-like products.
  • These products form a layer, reducing the elastic nature of the artery.
  • When blood flows through the artery, it actually clots into this condition. Internal clot, called the thrombose, may result on the internal lining which will close off the vessel.
  • When this occurs in the coronary arteries, it results in a fatal heart attack. If the thrombose moves around it may clog an embolism.

The Arteries are divided into 2 Surfaces.

  • Pulmonary Circuit
  • Systemic Circuit (Includes arteries with oxygenated blood to all parts of the body)

Veins

  • Veins carry blood back to the heart. Most veins carry carbon dioxide and waste products.
  • An exception is the pulmonary veins, renal veins.
  • The walls of the veins have 3 tissues.
  • The tunica is not fully developed, so much so that they collapse when there is no blood there.
  • The tunica intima is continuous.
  • Veins have no elastic nature because of the construction of the walls and their distance from the heart, blood can have difficulty flowing through them and returning to the heart.
  • This problem is avoided by following features.

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