Questions and Answers
What is a model?
An antecedent stimulus that evokes an imitative behavior.
What are planned models?
Prearranged antecedent stimuli that evoke an imitative behavior.
What are unplanned models?
Antecedent stimuli without prior arrangement that evoke imitative behavior.
What is an imitation training program?
Signup and view all the answers
Guidelines for imitation training suggest keeping sessions brief, typically _____ minutes long.
Signup and view all the answers
What is shaping?
Signup and view all the answers
What is task analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is chaining?
Signup and view all the answers
What does NCR stand for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an independent group contingency?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Phylogenic Selectionism refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Ontogenic Selectionism?
Signup and view all the answers
Cultural Selectionism is defined as:
Signup and view all the answers
What does Determinism refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Empiricism?
Signup and view all the answers
Parsimony in behavior analysis means:
Signup and view all the answers
Pragmatism is associated with:
Signup and view all the answers
What does an Environmental explanation of behavior focus on?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Mentalistic explanation of behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Radical Behaviorism?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Methodological Behaviorism refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of Experimental Analysis of Behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Applied Behavior Analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What are Behavioral technologies?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Behavior encompass?
Signup and view all the answers
What does behavioral momentum describe?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Response?
Signup and view all the answers
Define a Response class.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Environment include?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Stimulus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Stimulus class?
Signup and view all the answers
Define Stimulus equivalence.
Signup and view all the answers
What are Respondent relations?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Respondent conditioning involve?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines Operant conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Unconditioned reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Conditioned reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Unconditioned punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Stimulus control?
Signup and view all the answers
What are Unconditioned motivating operations?
Signup and view all the answers
What are Conditioned motivating operations?
Signup and view all the answers
Define transitive motivating operations.
Signup and view all the answers
What does reflexive motivating operations signify?
Signup and view all the answers
What are surrogate motivating operations?
Signup and view all the answers
What do behavioral contingencies refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is contiguity?
Signup and view all the answers
Define functional relations.
Signup and view all the answers
What are conditional discriminations?
Signup and view all the answers
What does stimulus discrimination mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What is response generalization?
Signup and view all the answers
Define stimulus generalization.
Signup and view all the answers
What is behavioral contrast?
Signup and view all the answers
What does extinction mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What are echoics?
Signup and view all the answers
What are intraverbals?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the matching law state?
Signup and view all the answers
What is imitation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is rule-governed behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is contingency-shaped behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What are mands?
Signup and view all the answers
What are tacts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinction between SD and MO?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the distinction between MO and reinforcement effects?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes contingency-shaped behavior from rule-governed behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What differentiates forward and backward pairing in respondent conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between functional and topographical definitions of behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the similarities between SD and MO?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the similarities between extinction and negative punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the similarities between negative punishment and negative reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the types of conditioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Reflexivity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Transitivity?
Signup and view all the answers
What are basic schedules of reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the similarities between variable-interval and fixed-interval schedules?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term Level refer to in behavior analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Trend Line?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Variability mean in behavioral measures?
Signup and view all the answers
Define Duration in behavior analysis.
Signup and view all the answers
What does Rate/Frequency refer to in behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Response Latency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Inter-response time?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Momentary Time sampling?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Partial Interval Recording?
Signup and view all the answers
Define Whole Interval Recording.
Signup and view all the answers
What does Verbal Behavior refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Matching Law equation express?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a Fixed-Interval (FI) schedule signify?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a Variable Ratio (VR) schedule entail?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule signify?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a Concurrent Schedule imply?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a Compound Schedule of Reinforcement?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Satiation refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Habituation indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
What are Response prompts?
Signup and view all the answers
What are Antecedents and their role?
Signup and view all the answers
What are Stimulus prompts?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Prompt Fading?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Graduated Guidance involve?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Time Delay refer to in learning?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Phylogenic, Ontogenic, and Cultural Selectionism
- Phylogenic Selectionism: Involves the evolutionary history of species' behaviors shaped by survival contingencies.
- Ontogenic Selectionism: Refers to the developmental history of an individual organism, where behaviors are acquired through reinforcement and punishment over a lifetime.
- Cultural Selectionism: Describes the transmission of behaviors within groups, where culture is shaped by group survival influences through reinforcement.
Key Concepts of Behaviorism
- Determinism: Assumes the universe operates under consistent laws; there are clear cause-effect relationships between phenomena.
- Empiricism: Advocates for objective observation of behavior, free from bias.
- Parsimony: Encourages simple explanations over complex ones unless more intricate details are necessary.
- Pragmatism: Focuses on practical outcomes derived from inductive reasoning and specific observations.
Behavioral Explanations
- Environmental Explanation: Behavior is analyzed based on observable environmental events that impact actions.
- Mentalistic Explanation: Involves hypothetical constructs explaining behavior as a function of internal mental states.
Behaviorism Approaches
- Radical Behaviorism: Studies all forms of human behavior, both observable and internal.
- Methodological Behaviorism: Focuses strictly on observable behaviors.
- Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Engages in lab research to analyze operant behaviors.
- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): Utilizes behavioral principles to improve socially significant behaviors through experimentation.
Behavioral Definition and Concepts
- Behavior: Encompasses all activities of living organisms, both verbal and non-verbal.
- Response: A specific instance of behavior.
- Response Class: A collection of different responses that result in the same outcome.
Conditioning Types
- Respondent Conditioning: Involves establishing associations through stimulus pairing.
- Operant Conditioning: Examines how consequences affect behavior.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Unconditioned Reinforcement: Naturally increases behavior frequency without prior learning.
- Conditioned Reinforcement: Increases behavior due to learned associations.
- Unconditioned Punishment: Reduces behavior frequency through inherent consequences.
- Conditioned Punishment: Involves learned associations leading to decreased behavior frequency.
Stimulus Concepts
- Stimulus Control: Behavioral responses are more frequent in the presence of specific stimuli.
- Stimulus Class: Groups of stimuli that trigger the same response.
- Stimulus Equivalence: Emerges from a learned association, demonstrating reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity through responses to stimulus relations.
Functional Relationships and Discriminations
- Functional Relations: Identify cause and effect in controlled experiments.
- Discrimination: Selectively responding to specific stimuli based on their presence or absence.
- Generalization: Responding similarly to new, similar stimuli.
Behavioral Procedures and Measurements
- Extinction: Withdrawal of reinforcement leading to behavior decrease.
- Response Latency and Interresponse Time: Measure the time from stimulus to response and between consecutive responses, respectively.
- Time Sampling Techniques: Momentary, partial, and whole interval recording methods for behavior assessment.
Verbal Behavior
- Verbal Behavior: Behavior that is reinforced through interaction with others, can include gestures and spoken language.
- Echoics and Intraverbals: Types of verbal behavior; echoics involve repeating what others say, while intraverbals require responding without direct correspondence.
Conditioning Techniques
- Matching Law: Response rates align with reinforcement rates across alternatives.
- Satiation and Habituation: Refer to reduced behavioral frequency due to continued exposure to a reinforcer or repeated stimuli.
Models in Learning
- Modeling: Learning through observing others; can be planned or unplanned.
- Imitation Training: Structured approach to teach imitation behavior through pre-assessment, model selection, and training.### Guidelines for Imitation Training
- Training sessions should be brief (10-15 minutes) and active, occurring 2-3 times daily.
- Maintain short intervals between trials with no more than a few seconds.
- Reinforce both prompted responses and true imitative behaviors.
- In early training stages, reinforce all occurrences within 3-5 seconds of the model.
- Combine verbal praise and attention with tangible rewards for motivation.
- If progress stalls, reassess, slow down, and revisit prior steps if necessary.
- Keep a detailed record of sessions for objective evaluation and informed decision-making.
- Gradually reduce verbal prompts and physical assistance as the learner progresses.
- The decision to end imitation training should be based on the learner’s behavior and the set program goals.
Shaping
- Involves systematic and differential reinforcement of successive approximations toward desired behavior.
- The end result of shaping is termed the terminal behavior, which is the ultimate goal of the training process.
Task Analysis
- Entails breaking down a complex skill into smaller, manageable teaching units.
- Aims to identify the necessary sequence of behaviors for accomplishing a complex task.
- Effective task analysis components should consist of skills the learner can already perform with some assistance, either verbal or visual, and/or through modeling.
Chaining
- A teaching method that connects discrete behaviors to create a more complex behavior.
- Each behavior acts as a link in a chain, leading to the completion of a functional skill.
NCR (Noncontingent Reinforcement)
- Involves providing reinforcement based on a fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedule, regardless of the learner's actions.
- Aims to increase overall reinforcement availability without directly tying it to specific behavior.
Independent Group Contingency
- A scenario where all group members are subject to the same contingency; however, only those who meet the criterion receive reinforcement.
- Frequently utilized with token systems, as the reinforcement schedules do not depend on the performance of other group members.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in biology with these flashcards on phylogenic and ontogenic selectionism. Understand how species and individual organisms evolve through natural selection and contingencies of survival. Perfect for biology students looking to deepen their understanding of evolution.