Biology Extra Credit Ch 8 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

The action of enzyme inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.

True

What process makes ATP a renewable resource?

ATP can be regenerated by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP.

How does ATP affect metabolism as it builds up in a cell?

ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor to many of the enzymes involved in metabolism.

What best characterizes the role of ATP in cellular metabolism?

The free energy released by ATP hydrolysis may be coupled to an endergonic process. Signup and view all the answers

What would the value of ΔS be for a chemical reaction breaking down a molecule?

Positive Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP drive mechanical work inside a cell?

By binding to motor proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reactions is endergonic?

Glucose + fructose → sucrose Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes change the ΔG for the reaction.

False Signup and view all the answers

What correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using energy from catabolic pathways. Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP drive transport work inside a cell?

By phosphorylating a transport protein. Signup and view all the answers

An exergonic reaction free energy, and an endergonic reaction free energy.

releases; absorbs Signup and view all the answers

What describes cofactors and coenzymes?

Both are nonprotein enzyme helpers; most cofactors are metal ions, while coenzymes are organic molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is correct about the active site of an enzyme?

The active site may resemble a groove or pocket in the surface of a protein into which the substrate fits. Signup and view all the answers

An exergonic (spontaneous) reaction is a chemical reaction that __________.

releases energy when proceeding in the forward direction Signup and view all the answers

ATP allosterically inhibits enzymes in ATP-producing pathways. The result of this is called __________.

feedback inhibition Signup and view all the answers

If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, what is most likely occurring?

Energy input into the organism must be occurring to drive the decrease in entropy. Signup and view all the answers

In general, how does the hydrolysis of ATP drive cellular work?

By releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the second law of thermodynamics in biological reactions?

The aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose produces six molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. Signup and view all the answers

What explains the difference in how pH affects enzyme function?

The enzyme is adapted for low pH but is denatured at neutral pH. Signup and view all the answers

The process of stabilizing the structure of an enzyme in its active form by the binding of a molecule is an example of __________.

allosteric regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding metabolic pathways?

Metabolic pathways consist of a series of reactions, each catalyzed by a different enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

What is changed by the presence of an enzyme in a reaction?

The activation energy. Signup and view all the answers

The energy in an ATP molecule is released through hydrolysis of one of its phosphate groups.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is correct regarding kinetic and potential energy?

Kinetic energy is associated with the relative motion of objects, and potential energy is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure. Signup and view all the answers

How does enzyme activity get affected by pH?

High or low pH may disrupt hydrogen bonding or ionic interactions and change the shape of the active site. Signup and view all the answers

What explains the difference in how temperature affects enzyme function?

At low temperatures, there is not enough free energy, and at high temperatures, the enzyme is denatured. Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes can lower the activation energy of reactions but can change the equilibrium point.

False Signup and view all the answers

What accurately defines energy coupling?

Exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What states the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology?

Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Enzyme Inhibitors and Function

Enzyme inhibitors can be reversible or irreversible, affecting reaction rates and pathways.
Enzymes accelerate reactions without altering the change in free energy (ΔG).
Active sites of enzymes function like grooves or pockets for substrate binding, facilitating reactions.
Both cofactors (often metal ions) and coenzymes (organic molecules) assist enzyme activity as nonprotein helpers.

ATP and Cellular Metabolism

ATP is regenerated from ADP through the addition of a phosphate group, making it a renewable resource.
ATP's hydrolysis releases free energy, which can drive endergonic processes through phosphorylated intermediates.
ATP serves as an allosteric inhibitor, reducing enzyme activity in metabolic pathways as its concentration increases.
ATP drives mechanical and transport work by binding to motor proteins and phosphorylating transport proteins, respectively.

Energy Concepts and Reactions

Exergonic reactions release free energy; endergonic reactions absorb free energy.
The process of feedback inhibition occurs when ATP inhibits enzymes in pathways producing it.
Energy coupling is vital, as exergonic reactions drive the necessary endergonic reactions for cellular work.
The second law of thermodynamics applies to biological reactions, like aerobic respiration, which increases entropy.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

pH affects enzyme function; extreme pH levels can denature enzymes, impacting their active sites.
Temperature influences enzyme activity; low temperatures result in slow reactions, while high temperatures can lead to denaturation.
Metabolic pathways consist of a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, each essential for biological processes.

Laws of Thermodynamics in Biology

The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy can change forms, but total energy remains conserved within biological systems.
Kinetic energy relates to the motion of objects, while potential energy is linked to an object's position or structure.

Thermal and Environmental Effects

Enzymes may function optimally at specific temperatures and pH levels, and deviations can hinder performance.
Energy inputs are crucial for living organisms to maintain order and counteract entropy, particularly when the organism's entropy decreases.

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Description

Test your knowledge with this set of flashcards focusing on Chapter 8 of your biology course. Topics include enzyme inhibitors, ATP regeneration, and metabolic processes. Perfect for extra credit preparation!